Modified Plant Defensins Useful as Anti-Pathogenic Agents

ABSTRACT

This disclosure relates generally to the field of anti-pathogenic agents, including a modified defensin molecule with anti-pathogen activity. Genetically modified plants and their progeny or parts expressing or containing the modified defensin and anti-pathogen compositions for use in horticulture and agriculture and as animal and human medicaments are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. National Stage application filed under 35U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/AU2012/000112, filedFeb. 7, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 61/440,309, filed Feb. 7, 2011. Please enter the Sequence Listing,submitted herewith in computer-readable form, in this application.

FILING DATA

This application is associated with and claims priority from U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/440,309, filed on 7 Feb. 2011,entitled “Anti-pathogenic agents”, the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to the field of anti-pathogenicagents, including a modified defensin molecule with anti-pathogenactivity. Genetically modified plants and their progeny or partsexpressing or containing the modified defensin and anti-pathogencompositions for use in horticulture and agriculture and as animal andhuman medicaments are also provided.

BACKGROUND

Bibliographic details of the publications referred to by author in thisspecification are collected alphabetically at the end of thedescription.

Reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should notbe taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that this priorart forms part of the common general knowledge in any country.

One of the major difficulties facing the horticultural and agriculturalindustries is the control of infestation and resulting damage bypathogens such as fungal pathogens. Plant pathogens account for millionsof tonnes of lost production on an annual basis. Although fungicides andother anti-pathogenic chemical agents have been successfully employed,there is a range of environmental and regulatory concerns with thecontinued use of chemical agents to control plant pests. Furthermore,the increasing use of chemical pesticides is providing selectivepressure for the emergence of resistance in populations of pests. Thereis clearly a need to develop alternative mechanisms of inducingresistance in plants to pathogens such as fungi, insects,microorganisms, nematodes, arachnids, protozoa and viruses.

The plant innate immune system comprises both constitutive or pre-formedand inducible components. Pre-formed immunity includes various physicalbathers such as wax layers on leaves and rigid cell walls as well asexpression of various antimicrobial proteins (Nurnberger et al. (2004)Immunol Rev 198:249-266). The inducible response can includefortification of the cell wall (Showalter (1993) Plant Cell 5(1):9-23)as well as up-regulation of secondary metabolites (Metlen et al. (2009)Plant Cell Environ 32(6):641-653) and antimicrobial proteins(Berrocal-Lobo et al. (2002) Plant Physiol 128(3):951-961; Li andAsiegbu (2004) J Plant Res 117(2):155-162) which occurs in response tovarious biotic and abiotic stimuli. These responses can occur locally atthe site of infection or in distant, uninfected parts of the plant toproduce a systemic response. Inducible immunity can also occur via agene-for-gene response whereby pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPS) are recognized by specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)resulting in a hypersensitive response that prevents further spread ofthe pathogen (see Jones and Dangl (2006) Nature 444(7117):323-329).

Small, disulfide-rich proteins play a large role in both theconstitutive and inducible aspects of plant immunity. They can becategorized into families based on their cysteine arrangements andinclude the thionins, snakins, thaumatin-like proteins, havein- andknottin-type proteins, lipid transfer proteins and cyclotides as well asdefensins.

Plant defensins are small (45-54 amino acids), basic proteins with fourto five disulfide bonds (Janssen et al. (2003) Biochemistry42(27):8214-8222). They share a common disulfide bonding pattern and acommon structural fold, in which a triple-stranded, antiparallel β-sheetis tethered to an α-helix by three disulfide bonds, forming acysteine-stabilized αβ motif (CSαβ [see FIG. 1]). A fourth disulfidebond also joins the N- and C-termini leading to an extremely stablestructure. A variety of functions have been attributed to defensins,including anti-bacterial activity, protein synthesis inhibition andα-amylase and protease inhibition (Colilla et al. (1990) FEBS Lett270(1-2):191-194; Bloch and Richardson (1991) FEBS Lett 279(1):101-104).Plant defensins have been expressed in transgenic plants, resulting inincreased resistance to target pathogens. For example, potatoesexpressing the alfalfa defensin (MsDef1, previously known as alfAFP)showed significant resistance against the fungal pathogen Verticilliumdahliae compared to non-transformed controls (Gao et al. (2000) NatBiotechnol 18(12):1307-1310). Expression of a Dahlia defensin (DmAMP1)in rice was sufficient to provide protection against two major ricepathogens, Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani (Jha et al. (2009)Transgenic Res 18(1):59-69).

Despite their conserved structure, plant defensins share very littlesequence identity, with only the eight cysteine residues completelyconserved. The cysteine residues are commonly referred to as “invariantcysteine residues”, as their presence and location are conserved amongstdefensins. Based on sequence similarity, plant defensins can becategorized into different groups (see FIG. 2). Within each group,sequence homology is relatively high whereas inter-group amino acidsimilarity is low. The anti-fungal defensins from distinct groups appearto act via different mechanisms.

Plant defensins can be divided into two major classes. Class I defensinsconsist of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence followed by amature defensin domain. Class II defensins are produced as largerprecursors with C-terminal pro-domains or pro-peptides (CTPPs) of about33 amino acids. Most of the Class II defensins identified to date havebeen found in solanaceous plant species. An alignment of Class IIsolanaceous defensins is provided in FIG. 3. NsD1 and NsD2 referred toin FIG. 3 represent novel defensins identified in accordance with thepresent disclosure. Their inclusion in FIG. 3 is not to imply they formpart of the prior art.

Class II solanaceous defensins display anti-fungal activity and areexpressed in floral tissues. They include NaD1, which is expressed inhigh concentrations in the flowers of ornamental tobacco Nicotiana alata(Lay et al. (2003) Plant Physiol 131(3):1283-1293). NaD1 is the onlyClass II solanaceous defensin for which the mechanism of anti-fungalactivity has been investigated. The activity of this peptide involvesbinding to the cell wall, permeabilization of the plasma membrane andentry of the peptide into the cytoplasm of the hyphae (van der Weerdenet al. (2008) J Biol Chem 283(21):14445-14452). Unlike many otherdefensins, NaD1 appears to be specific for filamentous fungi and has noeffect on the growth of yeast, bacteria or mammalian cells.

Expression of NaD1 in cotton enhances the resistance to the fungalpathogens Fusarium oxysporum f sp. vasinfectum and Verticillium dahliae.Under field conditions, plants expressing NaD1 were twice as likely tosurvive as untransformed control plants and the lint yield per hectarewas doubled. Despite this, there was still a significant level ofdisease in the NaD1-expressing plants.

The structure of defensins consists of seven ‘loops’, defined as theregions between cysteine residues. Loop 1 encompasses the first β-strand(1A) as well as most of the flexible region that connects this β-strandto the α-helix (1B) between the first two invariant cysteine residues.FIG. 5 shows the loop structure of NaD1 including the conserved cysteineresidues. Loops 2, 3 and the beginning of 4 (4A) make up the α-helix,while the remaining loops (4B-7) make up β-strands 2 and 3 and theflexible region that connects them (β-hairpin region). This hairpinregion of plant defensins forms a γ-core motif that is found in manyanti-microbial peptides of diverse classes (Yount and Yeaman (2005)Protein Pept Lett 12(1):49-67).

This β-hairpin region appears to be essential for the biologicalactivity of plant defensins. Mutations in this region of the radishdefensin RsAFP2 (See FIG. 2) generally had a negative impact on itsanti-fungal activity. In fact, eight out of the twelve residuesidentified as essential for anti-fungal activity are located in thisregion (De Samblanx et al. (1997) J Biol Chem 272(2):1171-1179).Furthermore, a chemically synthesized peptide corresponding to thisregion of the molecule also has anti-fungal activity on its own(Schaaper et al. (2001) J. Pept. Res. 57(5):409-418). In a separatestudy, the six residues located in loop 5 of VrD2, a defensin from Vignaradiata, were shown to be essential for its α-amylase inhibitoryactivity (Lin et al. (2007) Proteins 68(2):530-540). A third studyinvestigated the activity of chimeric proteins containing regions from adefensin with anti-fungal activity (MsDef1) and one without (MtDef2).Chimeric defensins that contained the β2-β3 hairpin region of MsDef1 hadalmost the same activity as the full MsDef1 protein and chimericdefensins that contained this region from MtDef2 had no activity(Spelbrink et al. (2004) Plant Physiol 135(4):2055-2067).

A flexible loop connecting the first β-strand and the α-helix locatedadjacent and N-terminal of the second invariant cysteine residue (Loop1B) has been reported to play a minor role in the anti-fungal activityin some defensins when associated as a patch with residues from Loop5. Amutagenesis study of RsAFP2 identified two amino acids important foractivity that were located in this region (De Samblanx et al, 1997supra). However, when this region of the anti-fungal defensin MsDef1 wasreplaced with the corresponding region from the non-anti-fungaldefensin, there was only a modest change in anti-fungal activity(Spelbrink et al, 2004 supra).

Class II solanaceous defensins have variable degrees of activity againstfungi. Some Class I defensins exhibit very low anti-fungal activity.Attempts to modify the defensins to improve and broaden theiranti-pathogen activity have hitherto been largely unsuccessful.Development of resistance to some defensins is also a potential problem.There is a need to develop protocols to manipulate the level andspectrum of anti-pathogen activity of defensins. The creation of a rangeof novel defensins with antipathogen activity also facilitates combatingthe development of resistance.

SUMMARY

Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise,the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”,will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or integeror method step or group of elements or integers or method steps but notthe exclusion of any other element or integer or method step or group ofelements or integers or method steps.

As used in the subject specification, the singular forms “a”, “an” and“the” include plural aspects unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a defensin” includes asingle defensin, as well as two or more defensins; reference to “anamino acid, substitution, addition and/or deletion” includes a singleamino acid, substitution, addition and/or deletion, as well as two ormore amino acids, substitutions, additions and/or deletions; referenceto “the aspect” includes a single aspect, as well as two or more aspectsas taught in the specification; and so forth.

Nucleotide and amino acid sequences are referred to by a sequenceidentifier number (SEQ ID NO). The SEQ ID NOs correspond numerically tothe sequence identifiers <400>1 (SEQ ID NO:1), <400>2 (SEQ ID NO:2),etc. A summary of the sequence identifiers is provided in Table 1. Asequence listing is provided after the claims.

The present disclosure teaches artificially modified Class IIsolanaceous defensins which constitute a new family of defensins withanti-pathogen activity. In an embodiment, anti-pathogen activity isenhanced in the modified Class II solanaceous defensins with respect tointer alia one or more of level and/or spectrum of activity, stabilityand/or membrane permeabilization capacity compared to the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification. The modified defensins aretaught herein to be useful in horticulture and agriculture to controlpathogen infestation and growth as well as in the manufacture of animaland human medicaments. They may be used alone or in combination with achemical pathogenicide, an anti-pathogen protein and/or a proteinaseinhibitor or precursor form thereof. The availability of the new familyof defensins also assists in combating against pathogen resistance to aparticular defensin.

A Class II solanaceous defensin is used as a backbone wherein the loopregion between the first β-strand (β-strand 1) and the α-helix on thedefensin N-terminal end portion (also described as the first flexibleloop) is modified by an amino acid substitution, addition and/ordeletion and/or a loop region from another defensin, or a modified formthereof, is grafted onto the Class II solanaceous defensin to replaceall or part of this loop region. The backbone defensin may alsooptionally comprise additional mutations outside this loop region. Whenpresent, from 1 to about 50 additional mutations in the form of an aminoacid substitution, addition and/or deletion may be made to one or moreregions outside the Loop 1B region.

An artificially created defensin is provided comprising:

(i) an amino acid backbone derived from or corresponding to a Class IIsolanaceous defensin having a loop domain within its N-terminal endregion;

(ii) the loop domain on the backbone being subjected to one or more of:(a) an amino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion; and/or (b)replacement of all or part of the first loop domain by a loop or amodified form thereof from another defensin;

wherein the artificially created defensin exhibits anti-pathogenactivity. The disclosure teaches a single or multiple amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion which includes converting a ClassII solanaceous defensin first loop domain and in particular Loop 1B, toan amino acid sequence corresponding to the loop domain of a Class Idefensin. Alternatively, another Class II defensin Loop 1B region isused to replace a Loop 1B on a Class II defensin. The modified Class IIsolanaceous defensin may also contain one or more additional amino acidsubstitutions, additions and/or deletions outside this loop region. Ifpresent, from 1 to about 50 additional mutations may be located outsidethe loop region.

In an embodiment, the anti-pathogen activity is enhanced compared to theClass II defensin prior to modification. By “enhanced” means animprovement in one or more of level and/or spectrum of activity,stability and/or membrane permeabilization capacity compared to thenon-modified Class II defensin.

Class II solanaceous defensins for use as a backbone include a defensinhaving at least 70% amino acid sequence similarity over an approximately20 contiguous amino acid residue sequence at the C-terminal end of theNaD1 mature domain including the most C-terminal invariant cysteine (C)residue (SEQ ID NO:52). Examples of Class II solanaceous defensinsinclude NaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2,NpThio1, Na-gth and Cc-gth. Other backbone defensins include C20 fromCapsicum and SL549 from Nicotiana. NsD1 and NsD2 are from Nicotianasuaveolens, with amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:49 and51, respectively.

Reference to the “loop domain” at the N-terminal end region of the ClassII solanaceous defensin includes the entire loop region defined by beingflanked by the first two (invariant) cysteine (C) amino acid residues.This is the first flexible loop in the defensin in its N-terminalregion. However, in an embodiment, the “loop domain” refers to the loopregion beginning at the end of the first β-strand and ending at theN-terminal side of the second invariant cysteine amino acid residue.This region is referred to as “LIB” [Loop 1B] in FIG. 5. In NaD1, anexample of a Class II solanaceous defensin, this region or domaincomprises the amino acid sequence, in single letter code, NTFPGI (seeFIG. 5). Other Class II solanaceous defensin first loop regions areshown in FIG. 3. FIG. 4 is a representation of amino acid sequencealignments of different classes of defensins showing the eight conservedcysteine residues.

Hence, the Loop 1B region of the Class II solanaceous defensin backbonemay be mutated or a Loop 1B region from another defensin such as from aClass I defensin or another Class II defensin may be grafted in itsplace to generate a Loop 1B amino acid sequence of X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆,(SEQ ID NO:1) wherein:

X₁ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₄ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₅ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; and/or

X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

using single letter amino acid nomenclature, wherein the amino acidsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ in the mutated Class II solanaceous defensindoes not correspond to an amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region fromthe Class II solanaceous defensin forming the backbone prior tomodification.

In an embodiment, the Loop 1B region of the Class II solanaceousdefensin backbone is mutated or a Loop 1B region from another defensinsuch as from a Class I defensin is grafted in its place to generate anamino acid sequence of X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:86) wherein:

X₁ is N, G, D, H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S, or R;

X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I, S, T or Y;

X₃ is W, Y, H, L, G, F or P;

X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V, N, Q, D or G;

X₅ is S, K, Y, F, G or H; and/or

X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K, R, M, G, H, I or Y;

using single letter amino acid nomenclature, wherein the amino acidsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an amino acid sequenceof the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceous defensin forming thebackbone prior to modification.

In another embodiment, the Loop 1B region of the Class II solanaceousdefensin backbone is mutated or a Loop 1B region from another defensinsuch as from a Class I defensin is grafted in its place to generate anamino acid sequence of X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, (SEQ ID NO:55) wherein:

X₁ is N, H, Q, D, K or E;

X₂ is R, H, T, K or G;

X₃ is F, H, Y or W;

X₄ is P, K, S or R;

X₅ is G or F; and/or

X₆ is P, V, I, N;

using single letter amino acid nomenclature, wherein the amino acidsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an amino acid sequenceof the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceous defensin prior tomodification.

In an embodiment, the artificially created or modified defensincomprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:57. In thissequence, the Loop 1B region is defined as X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ IDNO:56) wherein:

X₁ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: L, F, S, I, A,H, Y, Q, D, K, G;

X₂ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: S, V, F, I, K,L, A, P, N, T, R, H, G;

X₃ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: A, F, W, N, I,S, Y, P, L, H;

X₄ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: K, G, E, R, A,P, F, Q, V, S;

X₅ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: M, G, K, D, S,Y, P, E, N, F; and

X₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: V, T, M, S, W,A, P, G, E, K, L, H, I, N.

In an embodiment, the artificially created or modified defensincomprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:84. In thissequence, the Loop 1B region is defined as X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (aminoacids 8-13 of SEQ ID NO:84) wherein:

X₁ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: N, H, Q, D, K,E;

X₂ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: R, H, T, K, G;

X₃ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: F, H, Y W;

X₄ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: P, K, S, R;

X₅ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: G, F; and

X₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: P, V, I, N.

In an embodiment, taught herein is an isolated solanaceous Class IIdefensin having anti-pathogen activity comprising an amino acid sequenceas set forth in SEQ ID NO:39 or an amino acid sequence having at least70% similarity to SEQ ID NO:39, the modification being an amino acidsubstitution, addition or deletion to a Loop 1B amino acid sequence inthe Class II solanaceous defensin. SEQ ID NO:39 is the amino acidsequence of the NaD2 Loop 1B sequence (HRFKGP) in an NaD1 backbone tocreate HXP4. The present disclosure does not extend to NaD1 but to amodified NaD1 in which its Loop 1B sequence has been altered. Thepresent disclosure further does not extend to FST, NeThio1, NeThio2,C20, SL549, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, Na-gth or Cc-gth but to a modified form ofFST, NeThio1, NeThio2, C20, SL549, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, Na-gth or Cc-gth inwhich its Loop 1B sequence has been altered.

As indicated above, these aspects apply to any Class II solanaceousdefensin including a defensin having an amino acid sequence similarityof 70% or more to the approximately 20 contiguous amino acid residuesequence at the C-terminal end region of the NaD1 mature domain. The 20contiguous amino acid sequence is defined by SEQ ID NO:52.

In an embodiment, the Loop 1B region on the backbone amino acid sequenceis modified to HRFKGP (SEQ ID NO:29), QHHSFP (SEQ ID NO:30), DTYRGV (SEQID NO:31), or to any one of SEQ ID NOs:67 to 79, PTWEGI (SEQ ID NO:32),DKYRGP (SEQ ID NO:33), KTFKGI (SEQ ID NO:34), KTWSGN (SEQ ID NO:35),EGWGK (SEQ ID NO:91), GTWSGV (SEQ ID NO:37) or AGFKGP (SEQ ID NO:38)[using single letter amino acid nomenclature]. Conveniently, this isaccomplished by grafting the Loop 1B region from NaD2 (SEQ IDNO:29)(HRFKGP), γ-zeathionin2 (SEQ ID NO:30)(QHHSFP), PsD1 (SEQ IDNO:31)(DTYRGV), MsDef1 (SEQ ID NO:33)(DKYRGP), SoD2 (SEQ IDNO:34)(KTFKGI) or DmAMP1 (SEQ ID NO:35)(KTWSGN) or a Loop 1B defined bySEQ ID NOs:67 to 79 onto the Class II solanaceous defensin backbone atthe site of its Loop 1B amino acid sequence or modifying an existingLoop 1B region to generate a Loop 1B amino acid sequence selected fromHRFKGP (SEQ ID NO:29), QHHSFP (SEQ ID NO:30), DTYRGV (SEQ ID NO:31),DKYRGP (SEQ ID NO:33), KTFKGI (SEQ ID NO:34) and KTWSGN (SEQ ID NO:35).The Class II solanaceous defensin may comprise the modified loop regionalone or in combination with an amino acid substitution, addition and/ordeletion to the defensin backbone outside the loop region. As indicatedabove, a Loop 1B as defined in SEQ ID NOs:67 to 79 may also be used or aClass II solanaceous Loop 1B may be substituted onto another Class IIsolanaceous defensin backbone.

An artificially created defensin is therefore provided comprising abackbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceous defensin havinga loop region between the first β-strand and the α-helix on theN-terminal end portion of the defensin wherein the loop region ismodified by an amino acid substitution, deletion and/or addition togenerate a defensin which has anti-pathogen activity.

In an embodiment, there is provided an artificially created defensincomprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceousdefensin having a Loop 1B region N-terminal to the second invariantcysteine residue wherein the Loop 1B region is modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion to generate a defensin which hasanti-pathogen activity.

Another embodiment provides an artificially created defensin comprisinga backbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceous defensinhaving a Loop 1B region N-terminal to the second invariant cysteineresidue wherein the Loop 1B region is modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion to generate a defensin which hasenhanced anti-pathogen activity compared to the Class II solanaceousdefensin prior to modification, wherein the Class II solanaceousdefensin comprises a C-terminal portion of the mature domain having atleast about 70% similarity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQID NO:52 after optimal alignment. Reference to “an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion” means one or more substitutions,additions and/or deletions.

In an embodiment, an artificially modified solanaceous Class II defensinhaving anti-pathogen activity comprising an amino acid sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:57 or an amino acid sequence having at least 70%similarity to SEQ ID NO:57 after optimal alignment, the modificationbeing to the solanaceous Class II defensin Loop 1B region.

In an embodiment, an artificially modified solanaceous Class II defensinhaving anti-pathogen activity comprising an amino acid sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:84 or an amino acid sequence having at least 70%similarity to SEQ ID NO:84 after optimal alignment, the modificationbeing to the solanaceous Class II defensin Loop 1B region.

In an embodiment, the anti-pathogen activity is enhanced with respect tointer alia one or more of level and/or spectrum of activity, stabilityand/or membrane permeabilization compared to the Class II solanaceousdefensin, prior to modification. In an embodiment, the anti-pathogenactivity is anti-fungal activity. In an embodiment, the anti-pathogenactivity is anti-insecticidal activity.

In a further embodiment, an artificially created defensin is providedcomprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceousdefensin having a loop region between the first β-strand and the α-helixon the N-terminal end portion of the Class II solanaceous defensin, thedefensin selected from the list consisting of NaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1,PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, NpThio1, Na-gth, Cc-gth, C20 andSL549 and wherein the loop region is modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion to generate a loop regioncomprising the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, SEQ ID NO:1,wherein each of X₁ through X₆ is an amino acid residue and wherein X₁ isA, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G,H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modifiedform thereof; X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T,W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; X₄ is A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof; X₅ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L,K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified formthereof; and/or X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T,W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; wherein theamino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an aminoacid sequence of a Loop 1B region from a Class II solanaceous defensin;thereby generating a defensin which has anti-pathogen activity. In anembodiment, the loop region is Loop 1B located on the N-terminal side ofthe second invariant cysteine residue.

In an embodiment, there is provided an artificially created defensincomprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceousdefensin having a loop region between the first β-strand and the α-helixon the N-terminal end portion of the Class II solanaceous defensin, thedefensin selected from the list consisting of NaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1,PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, NpThio1, Na-gth, Cc-gth, C20 andSL549 and wherein the loop region is modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion to generate a loop regioncomprising the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, SEQ ID NO:86,wherein each of X₁ through X₆ is an amino acid residue wherein X₁ is N,G, D, H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S, or R; X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I,S, T or Y; X₃ is W, Y, H, L, G, F or P; X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V, N,Q, D or G; X₅ is S, K, Y, F, G or H; and X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K,R, M, G, H, T or Y wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆does not correspond to an amino acid sequence of a Loop 1B region from aClass II solanaceous defensin; thereby generating a defensin which hasanti-pathogen activity. In an embodiment, the loop region is Loop 1Blocated on the N-terminal of the second invariant cysteine residue.

In an embodiment, an artificially created defensin is providedcomprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceousdefensin having a loop region between the first β-strand and the α-helixon the N-terminal end portion of the Class II solanaceous defensin, thedefensin selected from the list consisting of NaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1,PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, NpThio1, Na-gth, Cc-gth, C20 andSL549 wherein the loop region on the defensin backbone is replaced witha loop region from a defensin selected from the list consisting of NaD2(SEQ ID NO:29)(HRFKGP), Zea2 (SEQ ID NO:30)(QHHSFP), PsD1 (SEQ IDNO:31)(DTYRGV), MsDef1 (SEQ ID NO:33) (DKYRGP), SoD2 (SEQ ID NO:34)(KTFKGI) and DmAMP1 (SEQ ID NO:35)(KTWSGN) or a modified form thereof ora Loop 1B sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:67 to 79, to generate adefensin which has anti-pathogen activity.

In an embodiment, the loop region is modified by 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5or 6 amino acid substitutions, additions and/or deletions. In anembodiment, the Class II solanaceous defensin comprises both a modifiedloop region and an amino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion ina region of the backbone outside the loop region. When present, from 1to about 50 amino acid substitutions, additions and/or deletions may bemade to outside the loop region.

The pathogen may be a fungus (filamentous or non-filamentous),microorganism, insect, arachnid, nematode, protozoa or virus. In anembodiment, the pathogen is a fungus. In another embodiment, thepathogen is an insect. The term “enhanced anti-pathogen activity”includes a broader spectrum of action, higher level of activity, greaterstability and/or enhanced membrane permeabilization activity.

In an embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus including a plant fungus andan animal fungus. An “animal fungus” includes a fungus which infectsmammals including humans, such as a basidiomycete and an ascomycete.

Compositions comprising the artificially created defensin molecule aswell as nucleic acid molecules encoding same are also provided herein.The compositions may be for use in or on plants or in or on animals,such as mammals including humans. The compositions may containadditional agents such as a chemical pathogenicide, proteinaceouspathogenicide and/or a serine or cysteine proteinase inhibitor or aprecursor thereof.

Further provided are protocols for generating pathogen-resistant plantsas well as treating plants and animals including mammals such as humansto treat or prevent pathogen infestation, growth and/or maintenance. Thepresent disclosure further teaches the use of an artificially createddefensin comprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class IIsolanaceous defensin having a loop region between the first β-strand andthe α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the Class II solanaceousdefensin wherein the loop region is modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion in the manufacture of ananti-pathogen medicament. In as aspect, a chemical or proteinaceouspathogenicide and/or a proteinase inhibitor or precursor thereof is orare used in combination with the modified defensin. In one aspect, asingle genetic construct encodes a modified defensin comprising analtered Loop 1B region and a proteinase inhibitor or precursor formthereof such as NaPin1A (from Nicotiana alata), bovine pancreatictrypsin inhibitor (BPTI), tomato cystatin, inhibitor, S1Cys9, or barleycystatin, HvCPI6. In another embodiment, multiple constructs are usedeach separately encoding one or more of a modified defensin and aproteinase inhibitor or precursor form thereof.

In an embodiment, the loop region is Loop 1B.

In an embodiment, there is provided an isolated defensin from theAustralian native, Nicotiana suaveolens, and its use as a backbonedefensin molecule. The N. suaveolens defensins include NsD1 and NsD2.The nucleotide sequence of NsD1 and corresponding amino acid sequenceare set forth in SEQ ID NOs:48 and 49, respectively. The nucleotidesequence of NsD2 and corresponding amino acid sequence are set forth inSEQ ID NOs:49 and 51, respectively. An N. suaveolens defensin carrying amodified Loop 1B alone or in combination with from 1 to about 50 aminoacid substitutions, additions and/or deletions to the backbone is alsocontemplated herein. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the N.suaveolens defensin is also provided for example, operably linked to aheterologous promoter and/or to a vector nucleic acid molecule.

Accordingly, another aspect taught herein is an isolated defensin fromNicotiana suaveolens having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQID NO:49 [NsD1] or an amino acid sequence having at least 70% theretoafter optimal alignment. Another aspect taught herein is directed to anisolated defensin from Nicotiana suaveolens having an amino acidsequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:51 [NsD2] or an amino acid sequencehaving at least 70% thereto after optimal alignment.

According to these aspects, the N. suaveolens defensin may be inisolated, purified form or as part of a formulation or compositioncomprising the defensin and a diluent, carrier, excipient, preservative,stabilizer and/or a solid or liquid additive.

Isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding NsD1 (SEQ ID NO:48) and NsD2(SEQ ID NO:50), are provided herein as well as nucleic acid moleculeshaving a nucleotide sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:48or SEQ ID NO:50 after optimal alignment or a nucleic acid molecule whichhybridizes to SEQ ID NO:48 or SEQ ID NO:50 or a complementary formthereof under medium stringent conditions, for example, operably linkedto a heterologous promoter and/or to a vector nucleic acid molecule.

When the modified defensin is used in combination with another agentsuch as a proteinase inhibitor or a cystatin, a single genetic constructencoding all the proteins may be used to transform a plant cell ormultiple constructs, each encoding a protein. Alternatively, a plantmodified to express a defensin, may be subject to the topicalapplication of a proteinase inhibitor or chemical pathogenicide.

A summary of sequence identifiers used throughout the subjectspecification is provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Summary of sequence identifiers SEQUENCE ID NO: DESCRIPTION 1Generic amino acid sequence of Loop 1B region 2 Amino acid sequence ofportion of NaD1 (Nicotiana alata) containing Loop 1B 3 Amino acidsequence of portion of PhD1 (Petunia hybrida) containing Loop 1B 4 Aminoacid sequence of portion of PhD2 (Petunia hybrida) containing Loop 1B 5Amino acid sequence of portion of TPP3 (Solanum lycopersicum) containingLoop 1B 6 Amino acid sequence of portion of FST (Nicotiana tabacum)containing Loop 1B 7 Amino acid sequence of portion of g-thionin(Nicotiana excelsior) containing Loop 1B [NeThiol] 8 Amino acid sequenceof portion of g-thionin (Nicotiana excelsior) containing Loop 1B[NeThio2] 9 Amino acid sequence of portion of g-thionin (Nicotianaattenuata) containing Loop 1B [Na-gth] 10 Amino acid sequence of portionof g-thionin (Nicotiana paniculata) containing Loop 1B [NpThio1] 11Amino acid sequence of portion of g-thionin (Capsicum chinense)containing Loop 1B [Cc-gth] 12 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B from NaD1,NsD1 and NsD2 13 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B from PhD1 14 Amino acidsequence of Loop 1B from PhD2 15 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B TPP3 16Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B FST 17 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1Bg-thionin (N. excelsior) [NeThio1] 18 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1Bg-thionin (N. excelsior) [NeThio2] 19 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1Bg-thionin (N. attenuata) [Na-gth] 20 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1Bg-thionin (N. paniculata) [NpThio1] 21 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1Bg-thionin (C. chinense) [Cc-gth] 22 Amino acid sequence of defensin NaD2containing Loop 1B 23 Amino acid sequence of defensin g1-H containingLoop 1B 24 Amino acid sequence of defensin Psd1 containing Loop 1B 25Amino acid sequence of defensin MsDef1 containing Loop 1B 26 Amino acidsequence of defensin DmAMP1 containing Loop 1B 27 Amino acid sequence ofdefensin RsAFP2 containing Loop 1B 28 Amino acid sequence of defensing-zeathionin2 (Zea2) containing Loop 1B 29 Amino acid sequence of Loop1B from NaD2 30 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B from Zea2 31 Amino acidsequence of Loop 1B from PsDl 32 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B fromPsD2 33 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B from MsDef1 34 Amino acidsequence of Loop 1B from SoD2 35 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B fromDmAMP1 36 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B from VrD1 37 Amino acidsequence of Loop 1B from RsAFP2 38 Amino acid sequence of Loop 1B fromg1-H 39 Amino acid sequence of HXP4 (NaD2 Loop 1B [NaD2L1B] in NaD1) 40Amino acid sequence of HXP34 (Zea2 Loop 1B [Zea2L1B] in NaD1) 41 Aminoacid sequence of HXP35 (PsD1 Loop 1B [PsDL1B] in NaD1) 42 Amino acidsequence of HXP91 (MsDeF1 Loop 1B [MsDef1LIB] in NaD1) 43 Amino acidsequence of HXP92 (SoD1 Loop 1B [SoD1L1B] in NaD1) 44 Amino acidsequence of HXP58 (DmAMP1 Loop 1B [DMAMPL1B] in NaD1) 45 Amino acidsequence of HXP37 (VrD1 Loop 1B [VrD1L1B] in NaD1) 46 Amino acidsequence of HXP72 (NaD2 Loop 1B [NaD2L1B] in PhD2) 47 Amino acidsequence of HXP95 (NaD2 Loop 1B [NaD2L1B] in NsD1 48 Nucleotide sequenceencoding defensin from Nicotiana suaveolens 49 Amino acid sequence ofNsD1 50 Nucleotide sequence encoding NsD2 from Nicotiana suaveolens 51Amino acid sequence encoding NsD2 52 Amino acid sequence of C-terminalend amino acid sequence of NaD1 which ends and includes the mostC-terminal invariant cysteine residue 53 Amino acid sequence of NaD1C-terminal tail 54 Amino acid sequence of variable region of Loop 1Bregion 55 Amino acid sequence of variable region of Loop 1B region 56Amino acid sequence of variable region of Loop 1B region 57 Amino acidsequence of NaD1 backbone having a Loop 1B defined by X₁ through X₆ 58Amino acid sequence of C20 59 Amino acid sequence of SL549 60 Amino acidsequence of Loop 1B from C20 61 Amino acid sequence of NaPin1A 62 Aminoacid sequence of BPTI 63 Amino acid sequence of CI-1B 64 Amino acidsequence of HVCPI6 65 Amino acid sequence of S1Cys9 66 Amino acidsequence of OsIa 67 Amino acid sequence at replacement Loop 1Bidentified following high through put screen 68 Amino acid sequence atreplacement Loop 1B identified following high through put screen 69Amino acid sequence at replacement Loop 1B identified following highthrough put screen 70 Amino acid sequence at replacement Loop 1Bidentified following high through put screen 71 Amino acid sequence atreplacement Loop 1B identified following high through put screen 72Amino acid sequence at replacement Loop 1B identified following highthrough put screen 73 Amino acid sequence at replacement Loop 1Bidentified following high through put screen 74 Amino acid sequence atreplacement Loop 1B identified following high through put screen 75Amino acid sequence at replacement Loop 1B identified following highthrough put screen 76 Amino acid sequence at replacement Loop 1Bidentified following high through put screen 77 Amino acid sequence atreplacement Loop 1B identified following high through put screen 78Amino acid sequence at replacement Loop 1B identified following highthrough put screen 79 Amino acid sequence at replacement Loop 1Bidentified following high through put screen 80 Nucleotide sequence ofconstruct expressing HvCPI6 for expression in corn 81 Amino acidsequence of HvCPI6 82 Nucleotide sequence of construct comprisingHvCPI6-L-HXP4-CTPP (NaD1) 83 Amino acid sequence of HvCPI6-L-HXP4-CTPP(NaD1) 84 Amino acid sequence of NaD1 backbone having a Loop 1B definedby X₁ through X₆ 85 Amino acid sequence of TPP3 backbone having a Loop1B from NaD2 (HXP107)

Table 2 provides a summary of the nomenclature used to describe theexemplified modified defensin.

TABLE 2 Summary of nomenclature of modified defensins NomenclatureDescription HXP4 NaD2 Loop 1B in NaD1 backbone HXP34 Zea2 Loop 1B inNaD1 backbone HXP35 PSD1 Loop 1B in NaD1 backbone HXP37 VrD1 Loop 1B inNaD1 backbone HXP91 MsDeF1 Loop 1B in NaD1 backbone HXP92 SoD2 Loop 1Bin NaD1 backbone HXP58 DmAMP1 Loop 1B in NaD1 backbone HXP72 NaD2 Loop1B in PhD2 backbone HXP95 NaD2 Loop 1B in NsD1 backbone HXP107 NaD2 Loop1B in TPP3 backbone

Table 3 is a list of single and three letter code for amino acidresidues used herein.

TABLE 3 List of single and three letter abbreviations for amino acidresidues Three-letter One-letter Amino Acid Abbreviation Symbol AlanineAla A Arginine Arg R Asparagine Asn N Aspartic acid Asp D Cysteine Cys CGlutamine Gln Q Glutamic acid Glu E Glycine Gly G Histidine His HIsoleucine Ile I Leucine Leu L Lysine Lys K Methionine Met MPhenylalanine Phe F Proline Pro P Serine Ser S Threonine Thr TTryptophan Trp W Tyrosine Tyr Y Valine Val V

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the defensins, NaD1, RsAFP1,VrD2 and Brazzein showing common disulfide bonding pattern and commonstructural fold in which a triple-stranded, anti-parallel β-sheet istethered to an α-helix by three disulfide bonds, forming acysteine-stabilized αβ motif (CSαβ). A fourth disulfide bond also joinsthe N- and C-termini leading to a stable structure.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation showing breakdown of defensinsinto 16 groups based on sequence similarity.

Antifungal

Pollen recognition

▴ Protein synthesis inhibitor

Sweet tasting

▪ Antibacterial

Zinc tolerance

α-amylase inhibitor

Trypsin inhibitor

Sodium channel blocker

FIGS. 3A and B are representations of sequence alignments of the ClassII solanaceous defensins NaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, FST,NeThio1, NeThio2, Na-gth, NpThio1 and Cc-gth. The amino acid sequencesare given in the Sequence Listing as follows: NaD1, SEQ ID NO:2; NsD1,SEQ ID NO:49; NsD2, SEQ ID NO:51; PhD1, SEQ ID NO:3; PhD2, SEQ ID NO:4;TPP3, SEQ ID NO:5; FST, SEQ ID NO:6; NeThio1, SEQ ID NO:7; NeThio2, SEQID NO:8; Na-gth, SEQ ID NO:9; NpThio1, SEQ ID NO:10; and Cc-gth, SEQ IDNO:11. The shading in FIG. 3A depicts the high level of conservationbetween the sequences.

FIG. 4 is a representation of sequence alignment of defensins ofdifferent classes which reveals, apart from the eight cysteine residueswhich are conserved, only the amino acids at positions 7 and 10 arehighly conserved. Numbering is based relative to NaD1. The sequences aregiven in the Sequence Listing as follows: NaD1, SEQ ID NO:2; PhD2, SEQID NO:4; NaD2, SEQ ID NO:22; g1-H, SEQ ID NO 23; Psd1, SEQ ID NO 24;Ms-Def1, SEQ ID NO 25; Dm-AMP1, SEQ ID NO 26; Rs-AFP2, SEQ ID NO 27; andg-zeathionin2, SEQ ID NO 28.

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of the loop structure of NaD1showing the location of Loop 1B connecting β-strand 1 and the α-helix.The amino acid sequence is also given in SEQ ID NO:2.

FIG. 6A is a representative of an immunoblot depicting expression andpurification of recombinant NaD1 (rNaD1). P. pastoris expression mediumcollected at 48 hours (30 μL) as well as samples from various stages ofSP sepharose purification including the unbound fraction (30 μL), washfraction (30 μL) and the first five 1.5 mL elution fractions (30 μL ofeach) were separated by SDS-PAGE and examined by immunoblotting with theα-NaD1 antibody. NaD1 from flowers (200 ng) was used as a positivecontrol. rNaD1 could be detected in the 48 hour expression media as wellas the SP sepharose elution fractions.

FIG. 6B is a representation of a reverse phase HPLC trace illustratingpurity of rNaD1 purified from P. pastoris using SP sepharose. SPsepharose elution fractions containing rNaD1 were loaded onto ananalytical C8 RP-HPLC column and eluted using a 40 min linear gradient(0-100% buffer B). Proteins were detected by absorbance at 215 nm. Asingle major protein was detected indicating the protein was highlypure.

FIG. 6C is a representation of the structure of rNaD1 to native NaD1purified from flowers. The far UV circular dichroism spectra of rNaD1(Open squares) and native NaD1 (closed diamonds) was compared anddemonstrated no significant differences indicating that rNaD1 wascorrectly folded.

FIG. 6D is a representation of the anti-fungal activity of rNaD1 tonative NaD1 purified from flowers. Hyphal growth of Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. vasinfectum in the presence of rNaD1 (open squares) or native NaD1(closed diamonds) is plotted relative to the growth of a no proteincontrol for the same period. Graph represents data from three separateexperiments performed in quadruplicate. Error bars represent standarderror of the mean.

FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of the anti-fungal activity againstFusarium graminearum of Class I defensins used for the loop swapscompared to NaD1 and NsD1.

FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the relative anti-fungalactivity of loop variants HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 compared to NaD1 againstF. graminearum (Fgr).

FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of the relative anti-fungalactivity of loop variants HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 compared to NaD1 againstF. verticilloides (Fve).

FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of the relative anti-fungalactivity of loop variants HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 compared to NaD1 againstC. graminicola (Cgr).

FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic representation of pHEX138 construct. The DNAwas inserted between the left and right borders of the binary vectorpBIN19 (Bevan (1984) Nucleic Acids Research 12:8711-8721). The DNA wasproduced by modifying the NaD1 gene. Abbreviations in clockwise orderare:

oriV: origin of vegetative replicationColE1 or1: replication origin derived from colicin E1;TDNA RB: right border of Agrobacterium tumefaciens TDNA;Nos promoter: promoter of nopaline synthase Nos gene;NPTII: genetic sequence encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II;Nos terminator: terminator sequence of Nos gene;Disrupted lacZ: DNA segment encoding partial sequence ofB-galactosidase;CaMV 35S promoter: promoter of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35Sprotein;HXP4: DNA encoding NaD2 Loop 1B [NaD2L1B] in NaD1 plus the CTPP;CaMV 35S terminator: terminator sequence of genes encoding CaMV 35Sprotein;M13 ori: origin of M13 virus replication;TDNA LB: TDNA left border;All arrows indicate direction of transcription.

FIG. 12 is a graphical representation of the relative anti-fungalactivity of the loop variant HXP4 compared to NaD1 against Aspergillusniger.

FIGS. 13A through C are graphical representations of the relativeanti-fungal activity of HXP4 compared to NaD1 against Cryptococcus spp.

FIG. 14A through C are graphical representations of the effects of HXP4on germination (24 hours, A), appresorium (24 hours, B) andpost-appresorium structure (48 hours, C) on Asian soybean rust(Phakopsora pachyrhizi) compared to NaD1.

FIG. 15 is a representation of the nucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NO:80)of a construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding HvCPI6 (abarley cystatin) for use in corn. The amino acid sequence of HvCPI6 (SEQID NO:81) is also provided.

FIG. 16 is a representation of the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:82) ofa construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding HvCPI6 (a barleycystatin) and the modified defensin HXP4 for use in corn. The amino acidsequence of HvCPI6 and HXP4 (SEQ ID NO:83) is also given.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A modified defensin molecule is provided with anti-pathogen activity.The terms “modified defensin”, “variant defensin”, “mutated defensin”and “chimeric defensin” may all be used to describe the modified classII solanaceous defensins herein described. In an embodiment, a Class IIsolanaceous defensin is modified at the loop region between the firstβ-strand (β-strand 1) and the α-helix at the N-terminal end portion ofthe defensin. In an embodiment, the loop region comprises the 6 aminoacids N-terminal of the second invariant cysteine residue or itsequivalent. This region is defined as “Loop 1B” (see FIG. 5). A Class IIsolanaceous defensin is distinguished from other defensins by arelatively conserved C-terminal end portion of the mature domain.Reference to a “Class II solanaceous defensin” includes any defensinhaving at least 70% amino acid sequence similarity to the C-terminal endportion of the NaD1 mature domain, the C-terminal portion of NaD1comprising approximately 20 contiguous amino acid residues ending andincluding the most C-terminal invariant cysteine in the NaD1 maturedomain (for example, SEQ ID NO:52). By “at least 70%” means at least 70,71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%. Table 4 provides thepercentage identities between the C-terminal amino acid sequence of NaD1and a number of Class II solanaceous defensins mature domains.

The Loop 1B amino acid sequence in a Class II solanaceous defensin ismodified to the sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:1) wherein:

X₁ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₄ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₅ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; and/or

X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V;

using single letter amino acid nomenclature, wherein the amino acidsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an amino acid sequenceof the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceous defensin prior tomodification.

In an embodiment, the Loop 1B sequence in a Class II solanaceousdefensin is modified to the sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:86)wherein:

X₁ is N, G, D, H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S, or R;

X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I, S, T or Y;

X₃ is W, Y, H, L, G, F or P;

X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V, N, Q, D or G;

X₅ is S, K, Y, F, G or H; and/or

X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K, R, M, G, H, I or Y;

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification.

In an embodiment, the Loop 1B sequence in a Class II solanaceousdefensin is modified to the sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:55)wherein:

X₁ is N, H, Q, D, K or E;

X₂ is R, H, T, K or G;

X₃ is F, H, Y or W;

X₄ is P, K, S or R;

X₅ is G or F; and

X₆ is P, V, I or N;

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification.

Reference to “X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆” means 6 contiguous amino acid residuescorresponding to a Loop 1B region.

In an embodiment, the artificially created or modified defensincomprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:57. In thissequence, the Loop 1B region is defined as X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ wherein:

X₁ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: L, F, S, I, A,H, Y, Q, D, K, G;

X₂ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: S, V, F, I, K,L, A, P, N, T, R, H, G;

X₃ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: A, F, W, N, I,S, Y, P, L, H;

X₄ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: K, G, E, R, A,P, F, Q, V, S;

X₅ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: M, G, K, D, S,Y, P, E, N, F; and

X₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: V, T, M, S, W,A, P, G, E, K, L, H, I, N.

In an embodiment, the artificially created or modified defensincomprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:84. In thissequence, the Loop 1B region is defined as X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ wherein:

X₁ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: N, H, Q, d, K,E;

X₂ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: R, H, T, K, G;

X₃ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: F, H, Y W;

X₄ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: P, K, S, R;

X₅ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: G, F; and

X₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: P, V, I, N.

In the case of NaD1, a Class II solanaceous defensin, the Loop 1B aminoacid sequence is NTFPGI (SEQ ID NO:12). Consequently, the NTFPGI ismodified such that N is replaced by one of X₁ is A, R, D, C, Q, E, G, H,I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified formthereof; the T is replaced by X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K,M, F, P, S, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof;the F is replaced by X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S,T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; the P isreplaced by X₄ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, S, T, W, Yor V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; the G is replacedby X₅ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; and/or the I is replaced byX₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; withthe proviso that the Loop 1B amino acid sequence does not correspond tothe Loop 1B from NaD1. In an embodiment, the Loop 1B region is definedas X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:56) wherein X₁ is an amino acid selectedfrom the list consisting of: L, F, S, I, A, H, Y, Q, D, K, G; X₂ is anamino acid selected from the list consisting of: S, V, F, I, K, L, A, P,N, T, R, H, G; X₃ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of:A, F, W, N, I, S, Y, P, L, H; X₄ is an amino acid selected from the listconsisting of: K, G, E, R, A, P, F, Q, V, S; X₅ is an amino acidselected from the list consisting of: M, G, K, D, S, Y, P, E, N, F; andX₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: V, T, M, S, W,A, P, G, E, K, L, H, I, N. The Loop 1B sequence may have a single aminoacid change or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or all 6 amino acids may be altered.This is encompassed by the expression “single or multiple amino acidsubstitutions, additions and/or deletions”.

The Class II solanaceous defensin may be modified by any number of aminoacid changes to the Loop 1B region alone or in combination with othermutations. Other mutations include amino acid substitutions, additionsand/or deletions. Mutations outside the Loop 1B region may number from 1to about 50. A “change” includes a graft of a Loop 1B region from onedefensin onto a Class II solanaceous defensin Loop 1B region. The sourcemay be a Class I defensin Loop 1B or a Loop 1B from another Class IIdefensin. These aspects are based on the proviso that anti-pathogenactivity of the modified defensin against at least one plant or animalpathogen is maintained. In an embodiment, the anti-pathogen activity isenhanced relative to the Class II defensin prior to modification interms of level or spectrum of activity, stability and/orpermeabilization.

Provided herein is an artificially created defensin comprising amodified Class II solanaceous defensin backbone wherein the loop regionbetween β-strand 1 and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion ismodified by a single or multiple amino acid substitution, additionand/or deletion to generate a variant defensin which has anti-pathogenactivity. In an embodiment, the loop region is Loop 1B defined by the 6amino acid residues N-terminal to the second invariant cysteine residue.Reference may be made to FIGS. 3 to 5. Its equivalent region in anydefensin is contemplated herein. From 1 to about 6 amino acid changesmay be made to the Loop 1B region. In an embodiment, the anti-pathogenactivity is anti-fungal or anti-insect activity. In an embodiment,anti-pathogen activity is enhanced in the modified Class II solanaceousdefensins with respect to inter alia one or more of level and/orspectrum of activity, stability and/or membrane permeabilizationcapacity compared to Class II solanaceous defensin prior tomodification.

Another aspect taught herein provides an artificially created defensincomprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceousdefensin having a Loop 1B region N-terminal to the second invariantcysteine residue wherein the Loop 1B region is modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion to generate a defensin which hasanti-pathogen activity.

A “single or multiple amino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion”is encompassed by the expression “an amino acid substitution, additionand/or deletion”. The artificially created defensin represents a newfamily of defensins. It is taught herein that the modified defensins beused in horticulture and/or agriculture to control pathogen infestationand growth and as medicaments for use in animals or humans. The modifieddefensins may be used alone or in combination with a chemicalpathogenicide, a proteinaceous anti-pathogen agent and/or a serine orcysteine proteinase inhibitor or a precursor form thereof. The abilityto select from a panel of defensins helps combat the development ofpathogen resistance to a defensin.

When used in combination with a proteinase inhibitor or anti-pathogenagent, these may be separately topically applied or one expressed in agenetically modified plant and another topically applied or all of themodified defensin and proteinase inhibitor and/or anti-pathogen agentexpressed on a single or multiple genetic constructs.

By “Loop 1B” is meant the 6 amino acid residues N-terminal of the secondinvariant cysteine residue or its equivalent as depicted in FIG. 5. Somedefensins such as VrD1 and NeThio1 only have five amino acid residues.However, in that case, the Loop 1B region comprises the five residues.It is also be described as the first flexible loop region betweenβ-strand 1 and the α-helix. Loop 1A (see FIG. 5) is the β-strand.

As indicated above, reference to “an amino acid substitution, additionand/or deletion” includes a single or multiple amino acid substitution,addition and/or deletion which encompasses a replacement of a Loop 1Bwith a Loop 1B from another defensin. Such a replacement is referred toherein as a domain swap, loop swap, grafting or other similarexpression. Reference to “another defensin” includes any defensinwhether a Class I or Class II defensin (see also FIG. 2). The Class IIdefensin backbone is optionally further modified by modified by removalof a C-terminal tail (i.e. the CTPP) or by swapping an existing CTPPwith another tail and/or the backbone may have a single or multipleamino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion at a location on thebackbone outside the loop region referred to above. A “Class IIsolanaceous defensin” includes any defensin having at least 70%similarity to SEQ ID NO:52 after optimal alignment. SEQ ID NO:52represents the 20 contiguous amino acid residues ending at and includingthe most C-terminal cysteine residue in the NaD1 mature domain. Examplesof such Class II solanaceous defensins having at least 70% similarity toSEQ ID NO:52 are listed in Table 4.

Hence, taught herein is a modified defensin comprising a Class IIsolanaceous defensin back bone having an amino acid substitution,addition and/or deletion to its Loop 1B region to generate a modifieddefensin which has anti-pathogen activity. In an embodiment, theanti-pathogen activity is enhanced relative to the Class II defensinprior to modification.

In an embodiment, a modified defensin is provided comprising a Class IIsolanaceous defensin back bone having an amino acid substitution,addition and/or deletion to its Loop 1B region to generate a modifieddefensin which has anti-pathogen activity, the Class II solanaceousdefensin comprising an amino acid sequence at its C-terminal end regionof its mature domain having at least 70% similarity to SEQ ID NO:52after optimal alignment.

In an embodiment, an isolated solanaceous Class II defensin havinganti-pathogen activity is taught herein comprising an amino acidsequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:39 or an amino acid sequence havingat least 70% similarity to SEQ ID NO:39, the modification being an aminoacid substitution, addition or deletion to a Loop 1B amino acid sequencein the Class II solanaceous defensin. In an embodiment, theanti-pathogen activity is anti-fungal activity.

Also taught herein is an artificially modified solanaceous Class IIdefensin having anti-pathogen activity comprising an amino acid sequenceas set forth in SEQ ID NO:57 or an amino acid sequence having at least70% similarity to SEQ ID NO:57 after optimal alignment, the modificationbeing to the solanaceous Class II defensin Loop 1B region.

In an embodiment, taught herein is an artificially modified solanaceousClass II defensin having anti-pathogen activity comprising an amino acidsequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:84 or an amino acid sequence havingat least 70% similarity to SEQ ID NO:84 after optimal alignment, themodification being to the solanaceous Class II defensin Loop 1B region.

Reference to “at least 70% similarity” includes 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 and 100% similarity. In an embodiment, this maybe referred to as identity.

The present disclosure further provides an artificially created defensincomprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceousdefensin having a loop region between the first β-strand (β-strand 1)and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the Class IIsolanaceous defensin, the defensin selected from the list consisting ofNaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, NpThio1,Na-gth, Cc-gth, C20 and SL549 wherein the Loop 1B region is modified byan amino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion to generate aregion comprising the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ IDNO:1) each of X₁ through X₆ is an amino acid residue and wherein X₁ isA, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G,H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modifiedform thereof; X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T,W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; X₄ is A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof; X₅ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L,K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified formthereof; and/or X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T,W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; wherein theamino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an aminoacid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceousdefensin prior to modification to thereby generate a defensin which hasanti-pathogen activity. In an embodiment, the Loop 1B region is modifiedby an amino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion to generate aregion comprising the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ IDNO:56) each of X₁ through X₆ is an amino acid residue and wherein X₁ isan amino acid selected from the list consisting of: L, F, S, I, A, H, Y,Q, D, K, G; X₂ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: S,V, F, I, K, L, A, P, N, T, R, H, G; X₃ is an amino acid selected fromthe list consisting of: A, F, W, N, I, S, Y, P, L, H; X₄ is an aminoacid selected from the list consisting of: K, G, E, R, A, P, F, Q, V, S;X₅ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: M, G, K, D, S,Y, P, E, N, F; and X₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consistingof: V, T, M, S, W, A, P, G, E, K, L, H, I, N or a naturally occurringmodified form thereof; wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆does not correspond to an amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region fromthe Class II solanaceous defensin prior to modification.

The present disclosure further provides an artificially created defensincomprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceousdefensin having a loop region between the first β-strand (β-strand 1)and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the Class IIsolanaceous defensin, the defensin selected from the list consisting ofNaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, NpThio1,Na-gth, Cc-gth, C20 and SL549 wherein the Loop 1B region is modified byan amino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion to generate aregion comprising the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, (SEQ IDNO:86) wherein each of X₁ through X₆ is an amino acid residue and X₁ isN, G, D, H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S, or R; X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F,I, S, T or Y; X₃ is W, Y, H, L, G, F or P; X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V,N, Q, D or G; X₅ is S, K, Y, F, G or H; and X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N,K, R, M, G, H, I or Y; wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆does not correspond to an amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region fromthe Class II solanaceous defensin prior to modification to therebygenerate a defensin which has anti-pathogen activity.

In an embodiment, X₁ is N, H, Q, D, K or E; X₂ is R, H, T, K or G; X₃ isF, H, Y or W; X₄ is P, K, S or R; X₅ is G or F; and/or X₆ is P, V, I orN, wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:55) doesnot correspond to an amino acid sequence of a Loop 1B region from aClass II solanaceous defensin. Examples of Loop 1B sequences from aClass II solanaceous defensin include NTFPGI from NaD1 (N. alata), NsD1(N. suaveolens), NsD2 (N. suaveolens), NeThio2 (N. excelsior) and FST(N. tabacum); PTWDSV from PhD1 (P. hybrida); PTWEGI from PhD2 (P.hybrida); QTFPGL from TPP3 (S. lycopersicum); NTFEGF from Na-gth (N.attenuata); NTFPGL from Np-Thiol (N. paniculata); IFTGL from NeThio1 (N.excelsior) and KHFKGL from Cc-gth (C. chinese). Another Loop 1B sequenceis KYFKGL (SEQ ID NO:60).

Still another aspect taught herein relates to an artificially createddefensin comprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class IIsolanaceous defensin having a loop region between β-strand 1 and theα-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the Class II solanaceousdefensin, the defensin selected from the list consisting of NaD1, NsD1,NsD2, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, NpThio1, Na-gth andCc-gth wherein the loop region on the defensin backbone is replaced witha loop region from a defensin selected from the list consisting of NaD2(HRFKGP), Zea2 (QHHSFP), PSD1 (DTYRGV), MsDef1 (DKYRGP), SoD2 (KTFKGI)and DmAMP1 (KTWSGN) or a modified form thereof, or a Loop 1B sequenceselected from SEQ ID NO:67 to 79 to generate a defensin which hasanti-pathogen activity.

In an embodiment, the anti-pathogen activity is enhanced compared to theClass II solanaceous defensin prior to modification. Parameters fordetermining enhanced activity include level and/or spectrum of activitydegree of stability and/or level of permeabilization activity. In anembodiment, the loop region is Loop 1B as herein defined. This is thefirst flexible loop in a defensin.

As indicated above, the Loop 1B region on the Class II solanaceousdefensin comprises the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, each X ashereinbefore defined, wherein at least one or more including in anaspect all 6 (or corresponding 5) amino acid residues is/are replaced,generally but not exclusively, to the sequence corresponding to a Loop1B or a derivative thereof from another defensin such as a Class Idefensin or another Class II defensin.

Also provided is a modified defensin having anti-pathogen activity themodified defensin comprising:

(i) a backbone amino acid sequence derived from a Class II solanaceousdefensin, the defensin comprising a Loop 1B region between β-strand 1and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the defensin;

(ii) the Loop 1B region on the defensin modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition, deletion or swap to generate a Loop 1B regionanalogous or homologous or otherwise functionally similar to anotherdefensin Loop 1B;

(iii) wherein the resulting Loop 1B comprises the amino acid sequence X₁X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:1) wherein:

X₁ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₄ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₅ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; or anaturally occurring modified form thereof and/or

X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof,

using single letter amino acid nomenclature, wherein the amino acidsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an amino acid sequenceof the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceous defensin prior tomodification.

Also provide is a modified defensin having anti-pathogen activity themodified defensin comprising:

(i) a backbone amino acid sequence derived from a Class II solanaceousdefensin, the defensin comprising a Loop 1B region between β-strand 1and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the defensin;

(ii) the Loop 1B region on the defensin modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition, deletion or swap to generate a Loop 1B regionanalogous or homologous or otherwise functionally similar to anotherdefensin Loop 1B;

(iii) wherein the resulting Loop 1B comprises the amino acid sequence X₁X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:86) wherein:

X₁ is N, G, D, H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S, or R;

X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I, S, T or Y;

X₃ is W, Y, H, L, G, F or P;

X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V, N, Q, D or G;

X₅ is S, K, Y, F, G or H; and/or

X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K, R, M, G, H, I or Y,

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification.

The backbone amino acid sequence may further comprise an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion to a region outside the Loop 1Bregion. If present, from about 1 to about 50 amino acid substitutions,additions and/or deletions may be made to the backbone amino acidsequence outside the Loop 1B region. By “1 to 50” means 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50. In an embodiment, the additionalmutation is in the C-terminal tail (the CTPP) of the Type II solanaceousdefensin.

Also provided is a modified defensin comprising a backbone defensinmolecule from Nicotiana suaveolens (an Australian native) having a Loop1B region or its equivalent modified by an amino acid substitution,addition and/or deletion to introduce a Loop 1B sequence comprising X₁X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:1) wherein:

X₁ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₄ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₅ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; and/or

X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof,

using single letter amino acid nomenclature, wherein the amino acidsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an amino acid sequenceof the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceous defensin prior tomodification and wherein the modified defensin has anti-pathogenactivity. In an embodiment, the N. suaveolens defensin is selected fromNsD1 and NsD2.

Another embodiment provided herein comprises a modified defensincomprising a backbone defensin molecule from Nicotiana suaveolens (anAustralian native) having a Loop 1B region or its equivalent modified bya single or multiple amino acid substitution, addition and/or deletionto introduce a Loop 1B sequence comprising X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ IDNO:86) wherein:

X₁ is N, G, D, H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S, or R;

X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I, S, T or Y;

X₃ is W, Y, H, L, G, F or P;

X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V, N, Q, D or G;

X₅ is S, K, Y, F, G or H; and/or

X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K, R, M, G, H, I or Y,

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification and wherein the modifieddefensin has anti-pathogen activity. In an embodiment, the N. suaveolensdefensin is selected from NsD1 and NsD2.

In an embodiment, X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:56) comprises an aminoacid residue selected from:

X₁ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: L, F, S, I, A,H, Y, Q, D, K, G;

X₂ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: S, V, F, I, K,L, A, P, N, T, R, H, G;

X₃ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: A, F, W, N, I,S, Y, P, L, H;

X₄ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: K, G, E, R, A,P, F, Q, V, S;

X₅ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: M, G, K, D, S,Y, P, E, N, F; and

X₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: V, T, M, S, W,A, P, G, E, K, L, H, I, N.

In this regard, the present disclosure further provides an isolateddefensin from Nicotiana suaveolens having an amino acid sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:49 [NsD1] or an amino acid sequence having at least70% thereto after optimal alignment. Another aspect of the presentdisclosure is directed to an isolated defensin from Nicotiana suaveolenshaving an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:51 [NsD2] or anamino acid sequence having at least 70% thereto after optimal alignment.Nucleotide sequences encoding NsD1 and NsD2 such as SEQ ID NO:48 or SEQID NO:50, respectively, or a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%identity to SEQ ID NO:48 or SEQ ID NO:50 after optimal alignment orwhich is capable of hybridizing to SEQ ID NO:48 or SEQ ID NO:50 or acomplementary form of SEQ ID NO:48 or SEQ ID NO:50 under mediumstringency conditions are also contemplated herein. By “at least 70%identity” means at least 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81,82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 988, 99or 100%. In an aspect, the anti-pathogen activity is enhanced based onspectrum or level of activity, level of stability and/or ability toinduce permeabilization compared to NsD1 or NsD2 prior to modification.

In an embodiment, the loop region on the Class II defensin issubstituted by X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:55) wherein:

X₁ is N, H, Q, D, K or E;

X₂ is R, H, T, K or G;

X₃ is F, H, Y or W;

X₄ is P, K, S or R;

X₅ is G or F; and/or

X₆ is P, V, I or N,

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification.

Insofar as the backbone defensin is NaD1, then the Loop 1B may bemodified, wherein the modification comprises:

the N is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, D,C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y and V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof;

the T is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, W, Y and V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof;

the F is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y and V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof;

the P is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, S, T, W, Y and V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof;

the G is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y and V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof; and/or

the I is substituted by an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N, D,C, Q, E, G, H, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y and V or a naturally occurringmodified form thereof, (See also SEQ ID NO:1)

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from NaD1.

Insofar as the backbone defensin is NaD1, then the Loop 1B may bemodified, wherein the modification comprises one or more of:

the N substituted with an amino acid residue selected from G, D, H, K,A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S, T and R;

the T substituted with an amino acid residue selected from K, R, G, H,L, N, F, I, S and Y;

the F substituted with an amino acid residue selected from W, Y, H, L, Gand P;

the P substituted with an amino acid residue selected from K, S, R, H,T, E, V, N, Q, D or G;

the G substituted with an amino acid residue selected from S, K, Y, Fand H; and/or

the I substituted by an amino acid residue selected from P, V, L, T, A,F, N, K, R, M, G, H and Y. See also SEQ ID NO:87.

In an embodiment, X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ comprises an amino acid residueselected from:

X₁ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: L, F, S, I, A,H, Y, Q, D, K, G;

X₂ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: S, V, F, I, K,L, A, P, N, T, R, H, G;

X₃ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: A, F, W, N, I,S, Y, P, L, H; X₄ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of:K, G, E, R, A, P, F, Q, V, S;

X₅ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: M, G, K, D, S,Y, P, E, N, F; and

X₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: V, T, M, S, W,A, P, G, E, K, L, H, I, N. See also SEQ ID NO:56.

By “one or more” of X₁ through X₆ means 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or all 6amino acid residues are modified. A mutation outside the Loop 1B regionincludes, if present, from 1 to about 50 amino acid substitutions,additions and/or deletions.

Reference to a “pathogen” includes a fungus, microorganism including abacterium, an insect, an arachnid, a virus and a nematode as well as aprotozoan. In an embodiment, the pathogen is a fungus or an insect.

Reference to a “fungus” includes fungi which infect and are otherwisepathogens of plants or animals. Animal fungal pathogens includemammalian including human fungal pathogens. Particular fungal pathogensinclude Colletotrichum graminicola, Diplodia maydis, Fusariumgraminearum and Fusarium verticilloides. Specific pathogens for themajor crops include: Corn: Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum),Colletotrichum graminicola, Stenocarpella maydi (Diplodia maydis),Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans, Fusarium verticilloides,Bipolaris maydis O, T (Cochliobolis heterostrophus), Exserohilumturcicum I, II and III, Cercospora zeae-maydis, Pythium irregulare,Pythium debaryanum, Pythium graminicola, Pythium splendens, Pythiumultimum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Aspergillus spp, Aspergillus flavus,Helminthosporium carbonum I, II and III (Cochliobolus carbonum),Helminthosporium pedicellatum, Physoderma maydis, Phyllosticta maydis,Kabatiella maydis, Cercospora sorghi, Ustilago maydis, Ustilago zeae,Puccinia sorghi, Puccinia polysora, Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicilliumoxalicum, Nigrospora oryzae, Cladosporium herbarium, Curvularia lunata,Curvularia inaequalis, Curvularia pallescens, Trichoderma viride,Claviceps sorghi, Diplodia macrospora, Sclerophthora macrospora,Peronosclerospora sorghi, Peronosclerospora philippinensis,Peronosclerospora maydis, Peronosclerospora sacchari, Sphacelothecareiliana, Physopella zeae, Cephalosporum maydis, Cephalosporumacremonium; Soybeans: Fusarium virgululiforme, Fusarium solani,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tucumaniae,Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea,Phytophthora sojae, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae (Phomopsissojae), Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora, Sclerotium rolfsii,Cercospora kikuchii, Cercospora sojina, Peronospora manshurica,Colletotrichum dematium (Colletotrichum truncatum), Corynesporacassiicola, Septoria glycines, Phyllosticta sojicola, Alternariaalternata, Microsphaera diffusa, Fusarium semitectum, Phialophoragregata, Glomerella glycines, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium ultimum,Pythium debaryanum; Canola: Albugo candida, Alternaria brassicae,Leptosphaeria maculans, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,Mycosphaerella brassicicola, Pythium ultimum, Peronospora parasitica,Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium roseum, Alternariaalternata; Cotton: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, Verticilliumdahliae, Thielaviopsis basicola, Alternaria macrospora, Cercosporagossypina, Phoma exigua (Ascochyta gossypii), Pythium spp Rhizoctoniasolani, Puccinia scheddardii, Puccinia cacabata, Phymatotrichopsisomnivore; Canola: Leptosphaeria maculans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,Alternaria brassicae, Alternaria brasicicola, Plasmodiophora brassicae,Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp, Pythium spp, Phytophthora spp,Alternaria spp, Peronospora parasitica, Mycosphaerella capsellae(Pseudocercosporella capsellae), Albugo candida, Phytophtohoramegasperma var. megasperma, Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe cruciferarum;Wheat: Cochliobolus sativus, Drechslera wirreganensis, Mycosphaerellagraminicola, Phaeosphaeria avenaria f.sp. triticea, Phaeosphaerianodorum, Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici, Urocystis agropyri, Alternariaalternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusariumavenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium pseudograminearum, Ustilagotritici, Ascochyta tritici, Cephalosporium gramineum, Colletotrichumgraminicola, Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici, Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis,Puccinia triticina, Sclerophthora macrospora, Urocystis agropyri,Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Pyrenophora semeniperda, Phaeosphaerianodorum, Septoria nodorum, Septoria tritici, Septoria avenae,Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctoniacerealis, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Pythium spp, Pythiumaphanidermatum, Pythium arrhenomannes, Pythium gramicola, Pythiumultimum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Claviceps purpurea, Tapesia yallundae,Tilletia tritici, Tilletia laevis, Tilletia caries, Tilletia indica,Ustilago tritici, Wojnowicia graminis, Cochliobolus sativus; Sorghum:Exserohilum turcicum, Colletotrichum sublineolum, Cercospora sorghi,Gloeocercospora sorghi, Ascochyta sorghina, Puccinia purpurea,Macrophomina phaseolina, Perconia circinata, Fusarium moniliforme,Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorghicola, Helminthosporium sorghicola,Curvularia lunata, Phoma insidiosa, Ramulispora sorghi, Ramulisporasorghicola, Phyllachara saccari, Sporisorium reilianum (Sphacelothecareiliana), Sphacelotheca cruenta, Sporisorium sorghi, Claviceps sorghi,Rhizoctonia solani, Acremonium strictum, Sclerophthona macrospora,Peronosclerospora sorghi, Peronosclerospora philippinensis, Sclerosporagraminicola, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythiumarrhenomanes, Pythium graminicola; Sunflower: Plasmopara halstedii,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Septoria helianthi, Phomopsis helianthi,Alternaria helianthi, Alternaria zinniae, Botrytis cinerea, Phomamacdonaldii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Erysiphe cichoracearum, Rhizopusoryzae, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Puccinia helianthe,Verticillium dahliae, Cephalosporum acremonium, Phytophthora cryptogea,Albugo tragopogonis; Alfalfa: Pythium ultimum, Pythium irregulare,Pythium splendens, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium aphanidermatum,Phytophthora megasperma, Peronospora trifoliorum, Phoma medicaginis var.medicaginis, Cercospora medicaginis, Pseudopeziza medicaginis,Leptotrochila medicaginis, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium albo-atrum,Aphanomyces euteiches, Stemphylium herbarum, Stemphylium alfalfae,Colletotrichum trifolii, Leptosphaerulina briosiana, Uromyces striatus,Sclerotinia trifoliorum, Stagonospora meliloti, Stemphylium botryosumand Leptotrichila medicaginis.

In an embodiment, fungal pathogens in corn include Fusarium graminearum,Colletotrichum graminicola, Stenocarpella maydis, Fusariumverticilloides, Cochliobolis heterostrophus, Exserohilum turcicum,Cercospora zea-maydis.

In an embodiment, fungal pathogens in soybean include Fusariumvirguliforme, Fusarium solanai, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusariumoxysporum, Fusarium tucumaniae, Phakopsora pachirhizi.

Animal including mammalian and in particular human fungal pathogensinclude species of Alternaeria spp, Aspergillus spp, Candida spp,Fusarium spp, Trychophyton spp, Cryptococcus spp, Microsporum spp,Penicillium spp, Trichosporon spp, Scedosporium spp, Paeciliomyces spp,Acremonium spp and Dermatiaceous molds. Specific animal, includingmammalian and in particular human pathogens include Alternariaalternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus paraciticus, Candida albicans, Candidadubliniensis, Candida famata, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii,Candida haemulonii, Candida kefyr, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae,Candida norvegensis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candidaviswanathii, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium monoliforme,Trycophyton rubrum, Trycophyton mentagrophytes, Trycophytoninterdigitales, Trycophyton tonsurans, Cryptococcus neoformans,Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcus grubii, Microsporum canis, Microsporumgypseum, Penicillium marneffei, Tricosporon beigelii, Trichosporonasahii, Trichosporon inkin, Trichosporon asteroides, Trichosporoncutaneum, Trichosporon domesticum, Trichosporon mucoides, Trichosporonovoides, Trichosporon pullulans, Trichosporon loubieri, Trichosporonjaponicum, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium prolificans,Paecilomyces variotii, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Acremonium stricutm,Cladophialophora bantiana, Wangiella dermatitidis, Ramichloridiumobovoideum, Chaetomium atrobrunneum, Dactlaria gallopavum, Bipolarisspp, Exserohilum rostratum as well as Absidia corymbifera, Apophysomyceselegans, Mucor indicus, Rhizomucor pusillus, Rhizopus oryzae,Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Cokeromyces recurvatus, Saksenaeavasiformis, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Basidiobolus ranarum,Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus, Blastomycesdermatitidis, Coccidioides Coccidioides posadasii, Histoplasmacapsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Pseudallescheria boydii andSporothrix schenckii.

Reference to a “fungus” also includes oomycetes such as Pythium spp andPhytophthora spp. The term “fungus” also encompasses a rust.

Bacterial pathogens include Xanthomonas spp and Pseudomonas spp. Othermicroorganisms include Phytoplasma spp and Spiroplasma spp. Otherpathogens include viruses, nematodes and protozoa. Insect pathogensinclude Diatraea grandiosella, Ostrinia nubialis, Rhopalosiphum spp,Helicoverpa spp, Plutella xylostella and Lygus spp.

Also provided herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding themodified Class II solanaceous defensin. In an embodiment, the nucleicacid comprises a nucleotide sequence which encodes an amino acidsequence set forth SEQ ID NO:57. In an embodiment, the nucleic acidcomprises a nucleotide sequence which encodes an amino acid sequence setforth SEQ ID NO:84.

Hence, an isolated nucleic acid molecule is provided encoding anartificially created defensin comprising:

(i) an amino acid backbone derived from or corresponding to a Class IIsolanaceous defensin;

(ii) a Loop 1B on the backbone or its equivalent being subjected to oneor more of: (a) an amino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion;and/or (b) replacement of all or part by Loop 1B or a modified formthereof from another defensin; and optionally (c) another an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion outside the Loop 1B region on thebackbone;

wherein the artificially created defensin exhibits anti-pathogenactivity Loop 1B.

Another aspect taught herein is an isolated nucleic acid moleculeencoding an artificially created defensin comprising a backbone aminoacid sequence from a Class II solanaceous defensin having a loop regionbetween β-strand 1 and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of theClass II solanaceous defensin wherein the loop region is modified by anamino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion to generate a defensinwhich has anti-pathogen activity.

In an aspect, the loop region is Loop 1B. Another aspect is directed toan isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an artificially createddefensin comprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a Class IIsolanaceous defensin having a Loop 1B region between β-strand 1 and theα-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the Class II solanaceousdefensin, the defensin selected from the list consisting of NaD1, NsD1,NsD2, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, NpThio1, Na-gth, Cc-gth,C20 and SL549 wherein the Loop 1B region is modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion to generate a region comprisingthe amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, (SEQ ID NO:86) wherein eachof X₁ through X₆ is an amino acid residue and wherein X₁ is N, G, D, H,K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S, or R; X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I, S, T orY; X₃ is W, Y, H, L, G, F or P; X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V, N, Q, D orG; X₅ is S, K, Y, F, G or H; and/or X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K, R, M,G, H or Y; wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does notcorrespond to an amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from theClass II solanaceous defensin prior to modification to therebyartificially generate a defensin which has anti-pathogen activity. In anembodiment, X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ (SEQ ID NO:56) comprises an amino acidresidue selected from L, F, S, I, A, H, Y, Q, D, K, G; X₂ is an aminoacid selected from the list consisting of: S, V, F, I, K, L, A, P, N, T,R, H, G; X₃ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: A, F,W, N, I, S, Y, P, L, H; X₄ is an amino acid selected from the listconsisting of: K, G, E, R, A, P, F, Q, V, S; X₅ is an amino acidselected from the list consisting of: M, G, K, D, S, Y, P, E, N, F; andX₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: V, T, M, S, W,A, P, G, E, K, L, H, I, N.

Another aspect is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule encodingan artificially created defensin comprising a backbone amino acidsequence from a Class II solanaceous defensin having a Loop 1B regionbetween β-strand 1 and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of theClass II solanaceous defensin, the defensin having a C-terminal endamino acid sequence of the mature domain with at least 70% similarity toSEQ ID NO:52, wherein the Loop 1B region is modified by an amino acidsubstitution, addition and/or deletion to generate a region comprisingthe amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, SEQ ID NO:1, wherein each ofX₁ through X₆ is an amino acid residue and wherein X₁ is A, R, N, D, C,Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurringmodified form thereof; X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F,P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; X₃ isA, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; X₄ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G,H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V; X₅ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H,I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified formthereof; and/or X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T,W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; wherein theamino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an aminoacid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceousdefensin prior to modification, to thereby artificially generate adefensin which has anti-pathogen activity.

Another aspect is an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding anartificially created defensin having a backbone amino acid sequencederived from a Nicotiana suaveolens defensin with a Loop 1B region orits equivalent modified by a single or multiple amino acid substitution,addition and/or deletion to generate a region comprising the amino acidsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, SEQ ID NO:1, wherein each of X₁ through X₆is an amino acid residue and X₁ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K,M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof;X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G,H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modifiedform thereof; X₄ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T,W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; X₅ is A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof; and/or X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H,I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified formthereof; wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does notcorrespond to an amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from theClass II solanaceous defensin prior to modification to artificiallygenerate a defensin which has anti-pathogen activity. Examples ofdefensins for N. suaveolens include NsD1 and NsD2.

Still another aspect provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encodingan artificially created defensin having a backbone amino acid sequencederived from a Nicotiana suaveolens defensin with a Loop 1B region orits equivalent modified by a single or multiple amino acid substitution,addition and/or deletion to generate a region comprising the amino acidsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, SEQ ID NO:86, wherein each of X₁ through X₆is an amino acid residue and X₁ is N, G, D, H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M,S, or R; X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I, S, T or Y; X₃ is W, Y, H, L, G, For P; X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V, N, Q, D or G; X₅ is S, K, Y, F, G orH; and/or X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K, R, M, G, H, I or Y; wherein theamino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an aminoacid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceousdefensin prior to modification to artificially generate a defensin whichhas anti-pathogen activity. Examples of defensins for N. suaveolensinclude NsD1 and NsD2.

In yet another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes anartificially created defensin comprising a backbone amino acid sequencefrom a Class II solanaceous defensin having a Loop 1B region betweenβ-strand 1 and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of thesolanaceous defensin, the defensin selected from the list consisting ofNaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, NpThio1,Na-gth, Cc-gth, C20 and SL549 wherein the Loop 1B region on the Class IIsolanaceous defensin backbone is replaced with a Loop 1B region from adefensin selected from the list consisting of NaD2 (SEQ IDNO:29)(HRFKGP), Zea2 (SEQ ID NO:30)(QHHSFP), PsD1 (SEQ IDNO:31)(DTYRGV)), MsDef1 (SEQ ID NO:33)(DKYRGP), SoD2 (SEQ IDNO:34)(KTFKGI) and DmAMP1 (SEQ ID NO:35)(KTWSGN) or a Loop 1B sequenceselected from SEQ ID NO:67 to 79 to generate a defensin which hasanti-pathogen activity.

The term “similarity” as used herein includes exact identity betweencompared sequences at the nucleotide or amino acid level. Where there isnon-identity at the nucleotide level, “similarity” includes differencesbetween sequences which result in different amino acids that arenevertheless related to each other at the structural, functional,biochemical and/or conformational levels. Where there is non-identity atthe amino acid level, “similarity” includes amino acids that arenevertheless related to each other at the structural, functional,biochemical and/or conformational levels. In a particularly preferredembodiment, nucleotide and sequence comparisons are made at the level ofidentity rather than similarity.

Terms used to describe sequence relationships between two or morepolynucleotides or polypeptides include “reference sequence”,“comparison window”, “sequence similarity”, “sequence identity”,“percentage of sequence similarity”, “percentage of sequence identity”,“substantially similar” and “substantial identity”. A “referencesequence” is at least 12 but frequently 15 to 18 and often at least 25or above, such as 30 monomer units, inclusive of nucleotides and aminoacid residues, in length. Because two polynucleotides may each comprise(1) a sequence (i.e. only a portion of the complete polynucleotidesequence) that is similar between the two polynucleotides, and (2) asequence that is divergent between the two polynucleotides, sequencecomparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides are typicallyperformed by comparing sequences of the two polynucleotides over a“comparison window” to identify and compare local regions of sequencesimilarity. A “comparison window” refers to a conceptual segment oftypically 12 contiguous residues that is compared to a referencesequence. The comparison window may comprise additions or deletions(i.e. gaps) of about 20% or less as compared to the reference sequence(which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignmentof the two sequences. Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning acomparison window may be conducted by computerized implementations ofalgorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin GeneticsSoftware Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science DriveMadison, Wis., USA) or by inspection and the best alignment (i.e.resulting in the highest percentage homology over the comparison window)generated by any of the various methods selected. Reference also may bemade to the BLAST family of programs as for example disclosed byAltschul et al. (1997) Nucl. Acids. Res. 25: 3389). A detaileddiscussion of sequence analysis can be found in Unit 19.3 of Ausubel etal. (1998) In: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & SonsInc. 1994-1998.

The terms “sequence similarity” and “sequence identity” as used hereinrefers to the extent that sequences are identical or functionally orstructurally similar on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis or an aminoacid-by-amino acid basis over a window of comparison. Thus, a“percentage of sequence identity”, for example, is calculated bycomparing two optimally aligned sequences over the window of comparison,determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acidbase (e.g. A, T, C, G, I) or the identical amino acid residue (e.g. Ala,Pro, Ser, Thr, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Lys, Arg, His, Asp,Glu, Asn, Gln, Cys and Met) occurs in both sequences to yield the numberof matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by thetotal number of positions in the window of comparison (i.e., the windowsize), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage ofsequence identity. For the purposes of the present disclosure, “sequenceidentity” will be understood to mean the “match percentage” calculatedby the DNASIS computer program (Version 2.5 for windows; available fromHitachi Software engineering Co., Ltd., South San Francisco, Calif.,USA) using standard defaults as used in the reference manualaccompanying the software. Similar comments apply in relation tosequence similarity. By “at least 70%” means 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76,77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,95, 96, 97, 98, 99 and 100%.

The instant disclosure extends to nucleic acid molecules which hybridizeunder low stringency conditions to the nucleic acid molecule encodingthe modified defensin.

Stringency conditions can be defined by, for example, the concentrationsof salt or formamide in the pre-hybridization and hybridizationsolutions, or by the hybridization temperature, and are well known inthe art. For example, stringency can be increased by reducing theconcentration of salt, increasing the concentration of formamide, orraising the hybridization temperature, altering the time ofhybridization, as described in detail, below. In alternative aspects,nucleic acids of the present disclosure are defined by their ability tohybridize under various stringency conditions (e.g. high, medium, andlow).

Reference herein to a “low stringency” includes and encompasses from atleast about 0 to at least about 15% v/v formamide and from at leastabout 1 M to at least about 2 M salt for hybridization, and at leastabout 1 M to at least about 2 M salt for washing conditions. Generally,low stringency is at from about 25-30° C. to about 42° C. Thetemperature may be altered and higher temperatures used to replaceformamide and/or to give alternative stringency conditions. Alternativestringency conditions may be applied where necessary, such as “mediumstringency”, which includes and encompasses from at least about 16% v/vto at least about 30% v/v formamide and from at least about 0.5 M to atleast about 0.9 M salt for hybridization, and at least about 0.5 M to atleast about 0.9 M salt for washing conditions, or “high stringency”,which includes and encompasses from at least about 31% v/v to at leastabout 50% v/v formamide and from at least about 0.01 M to at least about0.15 M salt for hybridization, and at least about 0.01 M to at leastabout 0.15 M salt for washing conditions. In general, washing is carriedout T_(m)=69.3+0.41 (G+C) % (Marmur and Doty (1962) J Mol Biol5:109-118). However, the T_(m) of a duplex nucleic acid moleculedecreases by 1° C. with every increase of 1% in the number of mismatchbase pairs (Bonner and Laskey (1974) Eur J Biochem 46:83-88). Formamideis optional in these hybridization conditions. Accordingly, particularlypreferred levels of stringency are defined as follows: low stringency is6×SSC buffer, 0.1% w/v SDS at 25-42° C.; a moderate stringency is 2×SSCbuffer, 0.1% w/v SDS at a temperature in the range 20° C. to 65° C.;high stringency is 0.1×SSC buffer, 0.1% w/v SDS at a temperature of atleast 65° C.

The terms “sequence similarity” and “sequence identity” as used hereinrefer to the extent that sequences are identical or functionally orstructurally similar on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis or an aminoacid-by-amino acid basis over a window of comparison. Thus, a“percentage of sequence identity”, for example, is calculated bycomparing two optimally aligned sequences over the window of comparison,determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acidbase (e.g. A, T, C, G, I) or the identical amino acid residue (e.g. Ala,Pro, Ser, Thr, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Lys, Arg, His, Asp,Glu, Asn, Gln, Cys and Met) occurs in both sequences to yield the numberof matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by thetotal number of positions in the window of comparison (i.e. the windowsize), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage ofsequence identity. For the purposes of the present disclosure, “sequenceidentity” will be understood to mean the “match percentage” calculatedby the DNASIS computer program (Version 2.5 for windows; available fromHitachi Software engineering Co., Ltd., South San Francisco, Calif.,USA) using standard defaults as used in the reference manualaccompanying the software. Similar comments apply in relation tosequence similarity.

The nucleic acid molecules taught herein are also capable of hybridizingto other genetic molecules. Reference herein to “hybridizes” refers tothe process by which a nucleic acid strand joins with a complementarystrand through base pairing. Hybridization reactions can be sensitiveand selective so that a particular sequence of interest can beidentified even in samples in which it is present at low concentrations.Stringent conditions can be defined by, for example, the concentrationsof salt or formamide in the prehybridization and hybridizationsolutions, or by the hybridization temperature, and are well known inthe art. For example, stringency can be increased by reducing theconcentration of salt, increasing the concentration of formamide, orraising the hybridization temperature, altering the time ofhybridization, as described in detail, below. In alternative aspects,the present nucleic acids are defined by their ability to hybridizeunder various stringency conditions (e.g. high, medium, and low).

The isolated nucleic acid molecule may also be in a vector including anexpression or transfer vector suitable for use in plant cells, microbialcells and non-human animal cells. Reference to a “vector” includes amulti-gene expression vector (MGEV) such as described by PCT/AU02/00123.

In accordance with the latter aspect, there is provided a multigeneexpression vehicle (MGEV) comprising a polynucleotide having 2 to 8domain segments each domain encoding a functional protein, each domainbeing joined to the next in a linear sequence by a linker segment, thedomain and segments all being in the same reading frame, and wherein atleast one of the domains is a modified Class II solanaceous defensin asdescribed herein. In an embodiment, at least one other domain is aproteinase inhibitor or precursor thereof. In yet another embodiment, atleast one domain is a modified Class II solanaceous defensin ascontemplated herein, and at least one domain is a proteinase inhibitoror precursor form thereof. By “proteinase inhibitor” includes a serineproteinase inhibitor and a cysteine proteinase inhibitor.

The nucleic acid sequence encoding the modified defensin may beincorporated into a DNA construct or vector in combination with suitableregulatory sequences (promoter, terminator, transit peptide, etc). Thenucleic acid may also be operably linked to a heterologous promoter. Forsome applications, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the modifieddefensin may be inserted within a coding region expressing anotherprotein to form a defensin fusion protein or may be used to replace adomain of a protein to give that protein anti-pathogen activity. Thenucleic acid sequence may be placed under the control of a homologous orheterologous promoter which may be a constitutive or an induciblepromoter (stimulated by, for example, environmental conditions, presenceof a pathogen, presence of a chemical). The transit peptide may behomologous or heterologous to the modified defensin and is chosen toensure secretion to the desired organelle or to the extracellular space.The transit peptide may be naturally associated with a particulardefensin. Such a DNA construct may be cloned or transformed into abiological system which allows expression of the encoded modifieddefensin or an active part of the defensin. Suitable biological systemsinclude microorganisms (for example, the Pichia pastoris expressionsystem, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, endophytes such as Clavibacterxyli subsp. cynodontis (Cxc); yeast; viruses; bacteriophages; etc),cultured cells (such as insect cells, mammalian cells) and plants. Insome cases, the expressed defensin is subsequently extracted andisolated for use.

The modified defensin taught herein is useful for combating pathogendiseases in plants and animals including mammals such as humans. Hence,the modified Class II solanaceous defensins have horticultural andagricultural applications as well as applications as medicaments foranimal including mammalian such as human use. Further provided is aprocess of combating pathogens whereby they are exposed to the modifieddefensin herein described. The modified defensin may be used in the formof a composition. The modified defensin may be used alone or incombination with a chemical pathogenicide, an anti-pathogen proteinand/or a Type II serine or cysteine proteinase inhibitor or precursorform thereof.

Whilst the modified defensin herein described is useful for protectingplants against pathogen infestation, growth, maintenance or spread, themodified defensin also has application as medicaments, including topicalmedicaments, for non-plants such as animals including mammals such ashumans.

Hence, another aspect taught herein is a composition comprising themodified defensin as described herein together with one or morepharmaceutically or veterinarilly or horticulturally acceptablecarriers, diluents or excipients and/or one or more other anti-pathogenagents such as a chemical pathogenicide, a proteinaceous anti-pathogenagent and/or a proteinase inhibitor or a precursor form thereof. In anembodiment, the composition is in the form of a spray, mist, micro- ornano-particles, aqueous solution, powder, cream, ointment, gel,impregnated bandage, liquid, formulation, paint or other suitabledistribution medium including oral forms of the composition.

For pharmaceutical applications, the modified defensin (including anyproduct derived from it) may be used as a pathogenicide or apathogenostat to treat mammalian infections (for example, to combatyeasts such as Candida).

The modified defensin (including any product derived from it) accordingto the present disclosure may also be used as a preservative (forexample, as a food additive) or as part of a soil or growth mediumpreparation program.

For agricultural applications, the modified defensin may be used toimprove the disease-resistance or disease-tolerance of crops eitherduring the life of the plant or for post-harvest crop protection.Pathogens exposed to the peptides are inhibited. The modified defensinmay eradicate a pathogen already established on the plant or may protectthe plant from future pathogen attack. The eradicant effect of thepeptide is particularly advantageous. Reference to a “plant” includes acrop plant such as sorghum, wheat, barley, maize, cotton, rice, canola,corn, abaca, alfalfa, almond, apple, asparagus, banana, bean-phaseolus,blackberry, broad bean, cashew, cassava, chick pea, citrus, coconut,coffee, fig, flax, grapes, groundnut, hemp, lavender, mushroom, olive,onion, pea, peanut, pear, pearl millet, potato, rapeseed, ryegrass,soybean, strawberry, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweetpotato,taro, tea, tobacco, tomato, triticale, truffle and yam.

Exposure of a plant pathogen to the modified defensin may be achieved invarious ways, for example:

(a) The modified defensin may be applied to plant parts or to the soilor other growth medium surrounding the roots of the plants or to theseed of the plant before it is sown using standard agriculturaltechniques (such as spraying). The defensin may have been chemicallysynthesized or extracted from microorganisms or plants geneticallymodified to express the protein. The protein may be applied to plants orto the plant growth medium in the form of a composition comprising thedefensin in admixture with a solid or liquid diluent and optionallyvarious adjuvants such as surface-active agents. Solid compositions maybe in the form of dispersible powders, granules, or grains.

(b) A composition comprising a microorganism genetically modified toexpress the anti-pathogen defensin may be applied to a plant or the soilin which a plant grows.

(c) An endophyte genetically modified to express the anti-pathogendefensin may be introduced into the plant tissue (for example, via aseed treatment process). An endophyte is defined as a microorganismhaving the ability to enter into non-pathogenic endosymbioticrelationships with a plant host. A method of endophyte-enhancedprotection of plants has been described in a series of patentapplications by Crop Genetics International Corporation (for example,International Application Publication Number WO90/13224, European PatentPublication Number EP-125468-B1, International Application PublicationNumber WO91/10363, International Application Publication NumberWO87/03303). The endophyte may be genetically modified to produceagricultural chemicals. International Patent Application PublicationNumber WO94/16076 (ZENECA Limited) describes the use of endophytes whichhave been genetically modified to express a plant-derived anti-fungalpeptide.

(d) DNA encoding an anti-pathogen defensin may be introduced into theplant genome so that the peptide is expressed within the plant body (theDNA may be cDNA, genomic DNA or DNA manufactured using a standardnucleic acid synthesizer).

For compositions comprising the modified defensin described herein,generally include a carrier, excipient, diluent, preservative,stabilizer and/or a solid or liquid additive. Optionally, anotheranti-pathogenic agent is also included.

The composition may take a wide variety of forms depending on theintended method of administration. Generally, but not exclusively,topical compositions are used for plant and animals. In preparing thecompositions, usual media may be employed such as, for example, water,glycols, oils, alcohols, preservatives and/or coloring agents. Thecompositions may take the form of a liquid preparation such as, forexample, suspensions, elixirs and solutions. Carriers such as starches,sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents,lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like may also beused. The composition may also be in the form of a power, capsule andtablet.

The modified defensins herein may be administered directly to a plant orpart thereof or to the root system or soil or medium surrounding theroot system or to the skin, hair or fur of an animal including a mammalsuch as a human.

When administered by aerosol or spray, the compositions are preparedaccording to techniques well-known in the art of agricultural andpharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline,employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorptionpromoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons and/or othersolubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.

The effective dosage of the modified defensins may vary depending on theparticular defensin employed, the mode of administration, the pathogenbeing treated and the severity of the pathogen infestation. Thus, thedosage regimen utilizing the modified defensin is selected in accordancewith a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex andmedical condition of the plant or subject; the severity of the conditionto be treated; the route of administration; and the particular defensinthereof employed. A horticulturist, physician, clinician or veterinarianof ordinary skill can readily determine and prescribe the effectiveamount of the defensin required to prevent, counter or arrest theprogress of pathogen infestation. Slow release formulations are alsocontemplated herein.

Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose,concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally containgum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethyleneglycol and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organicsolvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to thetablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterizedifferent combinations of active compound doses.

Defensin preparations include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as wellas soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such asglycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules can contain the activeingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such asstarches and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and,optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may bedissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquidparaffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers maybe added.

The modified defensin composition or expression vector encoding same mayalso comprise another anti-pathogen substance such as another defensinor an anti-pathogen protein or peptide, or a chemical pathogenicide or aproteinase inhibitor or precursor from thereof.

Another aspect taught herein includes a protocol or method for treatingor preventing a plant infested with a pathogen, the protocol or methodcomprising applying to the plant or part thereof or to the soil orgrowth support medium around the plant an anti-pathogen effective amountof a composition comprising the modified defensin as described herein,alone or together with another anti-pathogen agent.

Another aspect provides a protocol or method for treating or preventingan animal including a mammalian such as a human subject infected orinfested with a pathogen, the protocol or method comprising applying tothe subject an anti-pathogen effective amount of a compositioncomprising the modified defensin as described herein.

The term “applying” includes contacting and exposing. The modifieddefensin may be used alone or together with other anti-pathogen agentsor agents which facilitate the modified defensin accessing a pathogen.

In a further embodiment, plant cells may be transformed with recombinantDNA constructs according to a variety of known methods (Agrobacterium Tiplasmids, electroporation, microinjection, microprojectile gun, etc).The transformed cells may in suitable cases be regenerated into wholeplants in which the new nuclear material is stably incorporated into thegenome. Both transformed monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants maybe obtained in this way, although the latter are usually regeneratedmore easily. Some of the progeny of these primary transformants inheritthe recombinant DNA encoding the anti-pathogen defensin.

The present disclosure further provides a plant having improvedresistance to a pathogen and containing recombinant DNA which expressesa modified Class II solanaceous defensin. Such a plant may be used as aparent in standard plant breeding crosses to develop hybrids and lineshaving pathogen including fungal resistance.

Recombinant DNA is DNA, generally heterologous, which has beenintroduced into the plant or its ancestors by transformation. Therecombinant DNA encodes a modified Class II solanaceous defensinexpressed for delivery to a site of pathogen attack (such as theleaves).

Where the present modified defensin is expressed within a transgenicplant or its progeny, the pathogen is exposed to the defensin at thesite of or remote to the site of pathogen attack on the plant. Inparticular, by use of appropriate gene regulatory sequences, thedefensin may be produced in vivo when and where it will be mosteffective. For example, the defensin may be produced within parts of theplant where it is not normally expressed in quantity but where diseaseresistance is important (such as in the leaves).

Examples of genetically modified plants which may be produced includefield crops, cereals, fruit and vegetables such as: corn, soybean,sorghum, wheat, barley, maize, cotton, canola, rice, abaca, alfalfa,almond, apple, asparagus, banana, bean-phaseolus, blackberry, broadbean, canola, cashew, cassava, chick pea, citrus, coconut, coffee, fig,flax, grapes, groundnut, hemp, lavender, mushroom, olive, onion, pea,peanut, pear, pearl millet, potato, rapeseed, ryegrass, strawberry,sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweetpotato, taro, tea, tobacco,tomato, triticale, truffle and yam.

A pathogen may be any pathogen growing on, in or near the plant. In thiscontext, resistance includes an enhanced tolerance to a pathogen whencompared to a wild-type plant. Resistance may vary from a slightincrease in tolerance to the effects of the pathogen (where the pathogenin partially inhibited) to total resistance so that the plant isunaffected by the presence of pathogen (where the pathogen is severelyinhibited or killed). An increased level of resistance against aparticular pathogen or resistance against a wider spectrum of pathogensmay both constitute an improvement in resistance. Transgenic plants (orplants derived therefrom) showing improved resistance are selectedfollowing plant transformation or subsequent crossing.

The present disclosure provides a method for generating a geneticallymodified plant or its progeny which exhibit anti-pathogen activity, themethod comprising creating a plant which comprises cells which expressthe nucleic acid encoding a modified defensin, as taught herein thelevel of expression sufficient for the modified defensin to exhibit aprotective effect against plant pathogens.

The present modified defensins may be used alone or in combination withone or more other defensins from any group of the defensins. Hence,provided herein is a method for generating plant exhibitinganti-pathogen properties, the method comprising creating a geneticallymodified plant or its progeny which comprises cells which express themodified Class II solanaceous defensin taught herein in combination withanother defensin. Such a plant has reduced risk of promoting resistanceby pathogens. Reference to “synergy” includes the combatting ofresistance to a single defensin by using two or more defensins.

The present modified defensin may be manufactured based on its aminoacid sequence using standard stepwise addition of one or more amino acidresidues using, for example, a peptide or protein synthesizer.Alternatively, the modified defensin may be made by recombinant means.The modified defensin may be used alone or in combination with otheranti-pathogen agents whether provided by a cell or topically orsystemically applied.

As indicated above, the present modified defensin exhibits improved orenhanced anti-pathogen activity. In a particular embodiment, thepathogen is a fungal pathogen.

Hence, in a particular embodiment, there is provided an artificiallycreated Class II solanaceous defensin, the defensin comprising a ClassII solanaceous defensin backbone with a Loop 1B region on the backbonemodified by a single or multiple amino acid substitution, additionand/or deletion to generate a defensin which has anti-fungal activitywherein the backbone may optionally comprise a single or multiple aminoacid substitution, addition and/or deletion elsewhere on the backbonesuch as in the C-terminal CTPP. The present disclosure furthercontemplates the use of an artificially created defensin comprising abackbone amino acid sequence from a Class II solanaceous defensin havinga Loop 1B region or its equivalent loop between the first β-strand andthe α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the Class II solanaceousdefensin wherein the Loop 1B region is modified by a single or multipleamino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion in the manufacture ofan anti-pathogen medicament.

Furthermore, another aspect is the use of a Class II solanaceousdefensin comprising a C-terminal end region having at least about 70%similarity to SEQ ID NO:52 in the manufacture of an artificially createddefensin comprising a modified Loop 1B region and which artificiallycreated defensin exhibits anti-pathogen activity.

Further provided herein is a method for reducing or controlling pathogeninfestation on or in a plant or in soil surrounding a plant or itsroots, the method comprising topically applying the modified defensin ofthe present disclosure to the plant or plant roots or to the soil.Alternatively, the method comprises generating a genetically modifiedplant expressing the modified defensin as well as progeny of themodified plants which contain the modified defensin.

Still another aspect provides a method for reducing or controllingpathogen infestation on or in an animal the method comprising topicallyapplying the present modified Class II solanaceous defensin to apotentially infected surface region on the animal. In an embodiment, theanimal is a mammal including a human. Hence, animal and in particularmammalian such as human anti-pathogen medicaments are contemplatedherein. In an embodiment, the medicament is in the form of a powder,spray, atomizer, nanoparticle, gel, paste, impregnated bandage, paint,aerosol, drench or other liquid. The anti-pathogen formulation may alsobe a slow release composition. The formulation may be used to treat aninfected subject or as a preventative.

As used herein, “comprising” is synonymous with “including,”“containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended anddoes not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. As usedherein, “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient notspecified in the claim element. As used herein, “consisting essentiallyof” does not exclude materials or steps that do not materially affectthe basic and novel characteristics of the claim. Any recitation hereinof the term “comprising”, particularly in a description of components ofa composition or in a description of elements of a device, is understoodto encompass those compositions and methods consisting essentially ofand consisting of the recited components or elements. The presentdisclosure illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced inthe absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations whichis not specifically disclosed herein.

When a group of substituents is disclosed herein, it is understood thatall individual members of those groups and all subgroups, including anyisomers and enantiomers of the group members, and classes of compoundsthat can be formed using the substituents are disclosed separately. Whena compound is claimed, it should be understood that compounds known inthe art including the compounds disclosed in the references disclosedherein are not intended to be included. When a Markush group or othergrouping is used herein, all individual members of the group and allcombinations and subcombinations possible of the group are intended tobe individually included in the disclosure.

When a range is recited herein, it is intended that all subranges withinthe stated range, and all integer values within the stated range, areintended, as if each subrange and integer value was recited.

Various aspects are encompassed by the subject specification. Theseaspects include the following:

1. An artificially created defensin comprising a backbone amino acidsequence from a Class II solanaceous defensin having a loop regionbetween β-strand 1 and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of theClass II solanaceous defensin wherein the loop region is modified by anamino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion to generate a defensinwhich has anti-pathogen activity.2. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 1 wherein the loop regionis Loop 1B.3. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 2 wherein the Loop 1B onthe Class II solanaceous defensin is modified to generate the sequenceX₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, SEQ ID NO:1, wherein X is an amino acid residue andwherein:

X₁ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₂ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₄ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

X₅ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; and/or

X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof;

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification.4. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 3 wherein the Loop 1B onthe Class II solanaceous defensin is modified to generate the sequenceX₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, SEQ ID NO:86, wherein X is an amino acid residue andwherein:

X₁ is N, G, D, H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S, or R;

X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I, S, T or Y;

X₃ is W, Y, H, L, G, F or P;

X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V, N, Q, D or G;

X₅ is S, K, Y, F, G or H; and/or

X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K, R, M, G, H, I or Y;

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification.5. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 4 wherein the Loop 1Bcomprises the sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, SEQ ID NO:55, wherein:

X₁ is N, H, Q, D, K or E;

X₂ is R, H, T, K or G;

X₃ is F, H, Y or W;

X₄ is P, K, S or R;

X₅ is G or F; and/or

X₆ is P, V, I or N.

6. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 3 wherein:

X₁ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: L, F, S, I, A,H, Y, Q, D, K, G;

X₂ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: S, V, F, I, K,L, A, P, N, T, R, H, G;

X₃ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: A, F, W, N, I,S, Y, P, L, H;

X₄ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: K, G, E, R, A,P, F, Q, V, S;

X₅ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: M, G, K, D, S,Y, P, E, N, F; and

X₆ is an amino acid selected from the list consisting of: V, T, M, S, W,A, P, G, E, K, L, H, I, N. See SEQ ID NO:56.

7. The artificially created defensin of Aspects 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 whereinthe Loop 1B on the Class II solanaceous defensin is modified to theamino acid sequence HRFKGP (SEQ ID NO:29) (NaD2), QHHSFP (SEQ ID NO:30)(Zea2), DTYRGV (SEQ ID NO:31) (PsD1), DKYRGP (SEQ ID NO:33) (MsDef1),KTFKGI (SEQ ID NO:34) (SoD2), KTWSGN (SEQ ID NO:35) and (DmAMP1) or aLoop 1B defined by SEQ ID NO:67 to SEQ ID NO:79.8. The artificially created defensin of any one of Aspects 1 to 7wherein the Class II solanaceous defensin comprises a C-terminal endregion of a mature domain having at least 70% similarity to SEQ ID NO:52after optimal alignment.9. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 8 wherein the Class IIsolanaceous defensin is selected from NaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1, PhD2,TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, NpThio1, Na-gth, Cc-gth, C20 or SL549.10. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 9 wherein the Class IIsolanaceous defensin is NaD1.11. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 9 wherein the Class IIsolanaceous defensin is a defensin from Nicotiana suaveolens selectedfrom NsD1 and NsD2.12. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 2 wherein a Loop 1B froma non-Class II solanaceous defensin listed in FIG. 2 replaces the Loop1B on the Class II solanaceous defensin.13. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 7 wherein the Loop 1B isa modified form of NTFPGI from NaD1 (amino acids 8-13 of SEQ ID NO:2)wherein the modification comprises one or more of:

the N is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, D,C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof;

the T is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof;

the F is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof;

the P is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof;

the G is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N,D, C, Q, E, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof; and/or

the I is substituted by an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N, D,C, Q, E, G, H, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurringmodified form thereof;

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification.14. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 13 wherein Loop 1B is amodified form of NTFPGI from NaD1 (amino acids 8-13 of SEQ ID NO:2)wherein the modification comprises one or more of:

the N is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from G, D, H,K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S and R;

the T is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from K, R, G,H, L, N, F, I, S and Y;

the F is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from W, Y, H,L, G and P;

the P is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from K, S, R,H, T, E, V, N, Q, D or G;

the G is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from S, K, Y, Fand H; and/or

the I is substituted by an amino acid residue selected from P, V, L, T,A, F, N, K, R, M, G, H and Y; See also SEQ ID NO:87.

wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond toan amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class IIsolanaceous defensin prior to modification.15. The artificially created defensin of any one of Aspects 1 to 14wherein the backbone Class II solanaceous defensin further comprises anamino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion on the backboneoutside said loop region.16. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 15 wherein the furtheramino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion is a substitution ofone or more amino acids in the C-terminal tail.17. The artificially created defensin of any one of Aspects 1 to 16wherein having the enhanced anti-pathogen activity selected from abroader spectrum of anti-pathogen activity, increased anti-pathogenactivity, greater stability and/or greater permeabilization abilityrelative to the backbone Class II solanaceous defensin.18. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 17 wherein theanti-pathogen activity is the level of activity against a fungus.19. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 17 wherein theanti-pathogen activity is the level of activity against an insect.20. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 18 wherein the fungus isa plant fungal pathogen.21. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 20 wherein the fungus isa mammalian fungal pathogen.22. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 21 wherein the fungus isa human fungal pathogen.23. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 20 wherein the fungus isselected from Colletotrichum graminicola, Diplodia maydis, Fusariumgraminearum and Fusarium verticilloides.24. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 20 wherein the fungus isselected from Corn: Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum),Colletotrichum graminicola, Stenocarpella maydi (Diplodia maydis),Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans, Fusarium verticilloides,Bipolaris maydis O, T (Cochliobolis heterostrophus), Exserohilumturcicum I, II and III, Cercospora zeae-maydis, Pythium irregulare,Pythium debaryanum, Pythium graminicola, Pythium splendens, Pythiumultimum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Aspergillus spp, Aspergillus flavus,Helminthosporium carbonum I, II and III (Cochliobolus carbonum),Helminthosporium pedicellatum, Physoderma maydis, Phyllosticta maydis,Kabatiella maydis, Cercospora sorghi, Ustilago maydis, Ustilago zeae,Puccinia sorghi, Puccinia polysora, Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicilliumoxalicum, Nigrospora oryzae, Cladosporium herbarium, Curvularia lunata,Curvularia inaequalis, Curvularia pallescens, Trichoderma viride,Claviceps sorghi, Diplodia macrospora, Sclerophthora macrospora,Peronosclerospora sorghi, Peronosclerospora philippinensis,Peronosclerospora maydis, Peronosclerospora sacchari, Sphacelothecareiliana, Physopella zeae, Cephalosporum maydis, Cephalosporumacremonium; Soybeans: Fusarium virgululiforme, Fusarium solani,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tucumaniae,Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea,Phytophthora sojae, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae (Phomopsissojae), Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora, Sclerotium rolfsii,Cercospora kikuchii, Cercospora sojina, Peronospora manshurica,Colletotrichum dematium (Colletotrichum truncatum), Corynesporacassiicola, Septoria glycines, Phyllosticta sojicola, Alternariaalternata, Microsphaera diffusa, Fusarium semitectum, Phialophoragregata, Glomerella glycines, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium ultimum,Pythium debaryanum; Canola: Albugo candida, Alternaria brassicae,Leptosphaeria maculans, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,Mycosphaerella brassicicola, Pythium ultimum, Peronospora parasitica,Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium roseum, Alternariaalternata; Cotton: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, Verticilliumdahliae, Thielaviopsis basicola, Alternaria macrospora, Cercosporagossypina, Phoma exigua (Ascochyta gossypii), Pythium spp Rhizoctoniasolani, Puccinia scheddardii, Puccinia cacabata, Phymatotrichopsisomnivore; Canola: Leptosphaeria maculans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,Alternaria brassicae, Alternaria brasicicola, Plasmodiophora brassicae,Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp, Pythium spp, Phytophthora spp,Alternaria spp, Peronospora parasitica, Mycosphaerella capsellae(Pseudocercosporella capsellae), Albugo candida, Phytophtohoramegasperma var. megasperma, Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe cruciferarum;Wheat: Cochliobolus sativus, Drechslera wirreganensis, Mycosphaerellagraminicola, Phaeosphaeria avenaria f.sp. triticea, Phaeosphaerianodorum, Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici, Urocystis agropyri, Alternariaalternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusariumavenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium pseudograminearum, Ustilagotritici, Ascochyta tritici, Cephalosporium gramineum, Colletotrichumgraminicola, Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici, Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis,Puccinia triticina, Sclerophthora macrospora, Urocystis agropyri,Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Pyrenophora semeniperda, Phaeosphaerianodorum, Septoria nodorum, Septoria tritici, Septoria avenae,Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctoniacerealis, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Pythium spp, Pythiumaphanidermatum, Pythium arrhenomannes, Pythium gramicola, Pythiumultimum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Claviceps purpurea, Tapesia yallundae,Tilletia tritici, Tilletia laevis, Tilletia caries, Tilletia indica,Ustilago tritici, Wojnowicia graminis, Cochliobolus sativus; Sorghum:Exserohilum turcicum, Colletotrichum sublineolum, Cercospora sorghi,Gloeocercospora sorghi, Ascochyta sorghina, Puccinia purpurea,Macrophomina phaseolina, Perconia circinata, Fusarium moniliforme,Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorghicola, Helminthosporium sorghicola,Curvularia lunata, Phoma insidiosa, Ramulispora sorghi, Ramulisporasorghicola, Phyllachara saccari, Sporisorium reilianum (Sphacelothecareiliana), Sphacelotheca cruenta, Sporisorium sorghi, Claviceps sorghi,Rhizoctonia solani, Acremonium strictum, Sclerophthona macrospora,Peronosclerospora sorghi, Peronosclerospora philippinensis, Sclerosporagraminicola, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythiumarrhenomanes, Pythium graminicola; Sunflower: Plasmopara halstedii,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Septoria helianthi, Phomopsis helianthi,Alternaria helianthi, Alternaria zinniae, Botrytis cinerea, Phomamacdonaldii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Erysiphe cichoracearum, Rhizopusoryzae, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Puccinia helianthe,Verticillium dahliae, Cephalosporum acremonium, Phytophthora cryptogea,Albugo tragopogonis; Alfalfa: Pythium ultimum, Pythium irregulare,Pythium splendens, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium aphanidermatum,Phytophthora megasperma, Peronospora trifoliorum, Phoma medicaginis var.medicaginis, Cercospora medicaginis, Pseudopeziza medicaginis,Leptotrochila medicaginis, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium albo-atrum,Aphanomyces euteiches, Stemphylium herbarum, Stemphylium alfalfae,Colletotrichum trifolii, Leptosphaerulina briosiana, Uromyces striatus,Sclerotinia trifoliorum, Stagonospora meliloti, Stemphylium botryosumand Leptotrichila medicaginis.25. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 24 wherein the fungus isselected from Fusarium graminearum, Colletotrichum graminicola,Stenocarpella maydis, Fusarium verticilloides, Cochliobolisheterostrophus, Exserohilum turcicum, Cercospora zea-maydis, Fusariumvirguliforme, Fusarium solanai, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusariumoxysporum, Fusarium tucumaniae, Phakopsora pachyrhizi.26. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 24 wherein the fungus isselected from Fusarium virgululiforme, Fusarium solani, Sclerotiniasclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tucumaniae.27. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 20 wherein the fungus isa rust.28. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 21 wherein the fungus isselected from Alternaeria spp, Aspergillus spp, Candida spp, Fusariumspp, Trychophyton spp, Cryptococcus spp, Microsporum spp, Penicilliumspp, Trichosporon spp, Scedosporium spp, Paeciliomyces spp, Acremoniumspp and Dermatiaceous molds.29. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 24 wherein the fungus isselected from Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusniger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillusparaciticus, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida famata,Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida haemulonii, Candidakefyr, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida norvegensis, Candidaparapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida viswanathii, Fusariumoxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium monoliforme, Trycophyton rubrum,Trycophyton mentagrophytes, Trycophyton interdigitales, Trycophytontonsurans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcusgrubii, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Penicillium marneffei,Tricosporon beigelii, Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon inkin,Trichosporon asteroides, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon domesticum,Trichosporon mucoides, Trichosporon ovoides, Trichosporon pullulans,Trichosporon loubieri, Trichosporon japonicum, Scedosporium apiospermum,Scedosporium prolificans, Paecilomyces variotii, Paecilomyces lilacinus,Acremonium stricutm, Cladophialophora bantiana, Wangiella dermatitidis,Ramichloridium obovoideum, Chaetomium atrobrunneum, Dactlariagallopavum, Bipolaris spp, Exserohilum rostratum as well as Absidiacorymbifera, Apophysomyces elegans, Mucor indicus, Rhizomucor pusillus,Rhizopus oryzae, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Cokeromyces recurvatus,Saksenaea vasiformis, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Basidiobolus ranarum,Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus, Blastomycesdermatitidis, Coccidioides Coccidioides posadasii, Histoplasmacapsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Pseudallescheria boydii andSporothrix schenckii.30. The artificially created defensin of Aspect 19 wherein the insectsare selected from Diatraea grandiosella, Ostrinia nubialis,Rhopalosiphum spp, Helicoverpa spp, Plutella xylostella and Lygus spp.31. A composition comprising the artificially created defensin of anyone of Aspects 1 to 30 and optionally further comprising a chemical orproteinaceous pathogenicide and/or a serine or cysteine proteinaseinhibitor or a precursor form thereof.32. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an artificially createddefensin of any one of Aspects 1 to 30.33. A genetic construct comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule ofAspect 32.34. A genetically modified plant which produces an artificially createddefensin of any one of Aspects 1 to 30 or progeny of said plant.35. The genetically modified plant of Aspect 34 comprising a nucleicacid molecule of Aspect 32 or a genetic construct of Aspect 33 or itsprogeny or propagating material.36. The genetically modified plant of Aspect 34 or 35 selected fromcorn, soybean, cotton, sorghum, wheat, barley, maize, canola, abaca,alfalfa, almond, apple, asparagus, banana, bean-phaseolus, blackberry,broad bean, cashew, cassava, chick pea, citrus, coconut, coffee, fig,flax, grapes, groundnut, hemp, lavender, mushroom, olive, onion, pea,peanut, pear, pearl millet, potato, rapeseed, ryegrass, strawberry,sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweetpotato, taro, tea, tobacco,tomato, triticale, truffle and yam.37. A method for generating a genetically modified plant or its progenywhich exhibit enhanced anti-pathogen activity, the method comprisingcreating a plant which comprises cells which express the nucleic acidencoding a modified Class II solanaceous defensin of any one of Aspects1 to 30, the level of expression in the plant or its progeny sufficientfor the modified defensin to exhibit a protective effect against plantpathogens.38. A method of controlling pathogen infestation on a plant, the methodcomprising topically applying a composition of Aspect 31 to the plant,its roots or soil surrounding the plant.39. A method of controlling pathogen infestation on an animal subject,the method comprising topically applying a composition of Aspect 31 to asurface on the animal potentially infested by the pathogen.40. The method of Aspect 37 or 38 further applying a chemicalpathogenicide, a proteinaceous pathogenicide or a serine or cysteineproteinase inhibitor or a precursor form thereof.41. The method of Aspect 39 wherein the animal is a mammal42. The method of Aspect 31 wherein the mammal is a human.43. Use of an artificially created defensin comprising a backbone aminoacid sequence from a Class II solanaceous defensin having a loop regionbetween β-strand 1 and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of theClass II solanaceous defensin wherein the loop region is modified by asingle or multiple amino acid substitution, deletion and/or addition inthe manufacture of an anti-pathogen medicament.44. Use of Aspect 43 wherein the loop region is Loop 1B.45. Use of Aspect 43 or 44 wherein the pathogen is a fungus.46. Use of Aspect 43 or 44 or 45 further comprising use of a chemicalpathogenicide, a proteinaceous pathogenicide or a serine or cysteineproteinase inhibitor or a precursor form thereof.47. An isolated defensin from Nicotiana suaveolens having an amino acidsequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:49 [NsD1] or an amino acid sequencehaving at least 70% thereto after optimal alignment.48. An isolated defensin from Nicotiana suaveolens having an amino acidsequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:51 [NsD2] or an amino acid sequencehaving at least 70% thereto after optimal alignment.49. An isolated nucleic acid molecule or comprising a sequence ofnucleotides encoding the defensin of Aspect 47 or 48.50. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of Aspect 49 comprising anucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:50, anucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing to SEQ ID NO:48 or 50, undermedium stringency conditions and a nucleotide sequence having at least70% identity to SEQ ID NO:46 or 48 after optimal alignment.51. Use of a Class II solanaceous defensin comprising a C-terminal endregion of its mature domain having at least about 70% similarity to SEQID NO:52 in the manufacture of an artificially created defensincomprising a modified Loop 1B region and which artificially createddefensin exhibits anti-pathogen activity.52. A genetic construct comprising a nucleic acid of Aspect 32 and anucleic acid encoding a proteinase inhibitor.

EXAMPLES

Aspects are further described by the following non-limiting Examples.Methods used in these Examples are described below.

Purification of Defensins from Solanaceous Flowers

To isolate class II defensins from their natural source, whole N. alata(NaD1, NaD2) or N. suaveolens (NsD1, NsD2) flowers up to the petalcoloration stage of flower development were ground to a fine powder andextracted in dilute sulfuric acid as previously described previously(Lay et al. 2003 supra). Briefly, flowers (760 g wet weight) were frozenin liquid nitrogen, ground to a fine powder in a mortar and pestle, andhomogenized in 50 mM sulfuric acid (3 mL per g fresh weight) for 5 minusing an Ultra-Turrax homogenizer. After stirring for 1 h at 4° C.,cellular debris was removed by filtration through Miracloth (Calbiochem,San Diego, Calif.) and centrifugation (25,000×g, 15 min, 4° C.). The pHwas then adjusted to 7.0 by addition of 10 M NaOH and the extract wasstirred for 1 h at 4° C. before centrifugation (25,000×g, 15 min, 4° C.)to remove precipitated proteins. The supernatant (1.8 L) was applied toan SP Sepharose (Trademark) Fast Flow (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences)column (2.5×2.5 cm) pre-equilibrated with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer.Unbound proteins were removed by washing with 20 column volumes of 10 mMsodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and bound proteins were eluted in 3×10mL fractions with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 500mM NaCl. Fractions from the SP Sepharose column were subjected toreverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).

Purification of NaD1 from Pichia pastoris

The Pichia pastoris expression system is well-known and commerciallyavailable from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.; see the supplier's PichiaExpression Manual disclosing the sequence of the pPIC9 expressionvector).

A single pPIC9-NaD1 P. pastoris GS115 colony was used to inoculate 10 mLof BMG medium (described in the Invitrogen Pichia Expression Manual) ina 100 mL flask and was incubated overnight in a 30° C. shaking incubator(140 rpm). The culture was used to inoculate 500 mL of BMG in a 2 Lbaffled flask which was placed in a 30° C. shaking incubator (140 rpm).Once the OD600 reached 2.0 (˜18 h), cells were harvested bycentrifugation (2,500×g, 10 min) and resuspended into 1 L of BMM medium(OD600=1.0) in a 5 L baffled flask and incubated in a 28° C. shakingincubator for 3 days. The expression medium was separated from cells bycentrifugation (4750 rpm, 20 min) and diluted with an equal volume of 20mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0). The medium was adjusted to pH6.0 with NaOH before it was applied to an SP Sepharose column (1 cm×1cm, Amersham Biosciences) pre-equilibrated with 10 mM potassiumphosphate buffer, pH 6.0. The column was then washed with 100 mL of 10mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0 and bound protein was eluted in 10mL of 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer containing 500 mM NaCl. Elutedproteins were subjected to RP-HPLC using a 40 minute linear gradient asdescribed herein below. Protein peaks were collected and analyzed bySDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with the anti-NaD1 antibody. Fractionscontaining NaD1 were lyophilized and resuspended in sterile milli Qultrapure water. The protein concentration of Pichia-expressed NaD1 wasdetermined using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay (PierceChemical Co.) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the protein standard.

Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) wasperformed on a System Gold HPLC (Beckman) coupled to a detector (model166, Beckman) using a preparative C8 column (22×250 mm, Vydac) with aguard column attached. Protein samples were loaded in buffer A (0.1%[v/v] trifluoroacetic acid) and eluted with a linear gradient of 0-100%[v/v] buffer B (60% [v/v] acetonitrile in 0.089% [v/v] trifluoroaceticacid) at a flow rate of 10 mL/min over 40 min. Proteins were detected bymonitoring absorbance at 215 nm. Protein peaks were collected andanalyzed by SDS-PAGE.

Samples from each stage of NaD1 purifications (30 μL) were added toNuPAGE (Registered Trademark) LDS sample loading buffer (10 μL,Invitrogen) and heated to 70° C. for 10 min. The samples were thenloaded onto NuPAGE (Registered Trademark) precast 4-12% [w/v] Bis-Trispolyacrylamide gels (Invitrogen) and the proteins were separated usingan XCell-Surelock electrophoresis apparatus (Invitrogen) run at 200 V.Proteins were visualized by Coomassie Blue staining or transferred ontonitrocellulose for immunoblotting with the anti-NaD1 antibodies.

Circular Dichroism Spectrum of rNaD1

To examine whether NaD1 purified from P. pastoris (rNaD1) was correctlyfolded, its far UV circular dichroism (CD) spectrum was recorded andcompared with that of native NaD1. The similarity of the two spectraindicates the structure of rNaD1 was not significantly altered comparedto native NaD1.

PCR Mutagenesis of NaD1

Site directed mutagenesis of NaD1 was carried out using the Phusion(Registered Trademark) site-directed mutagenesis kit (Finnzymes).Oligonucleotide primers phosphorylated at the 5′ end were designed toincorporate the desired mutation. The entire template plasmid(pPIC9-NaD1) was amplified in a PCR reaction of 30 cycles with thefollowing temperature profile; 98° C., 30 s; 55° C., 20 s; 72° C., 4 minwith a final extension cycle of 72° C. for 10 min. The linear PCRproduct was then circularized using T4 DNA Quick Ligase for 5 min at RTand transformed into chemically competent TOP10 cells according to themanufacturer's instructions. Constructs were sequenced using the AOX3′primer to ensure the mutation had been correctly incorporated.

Preparation of Electrocompetent P. pastoris

Electrocompetent P. pastoris GS115 cells (Invitrogen) were prepared asdescribed by Chang et al. (2005) Mol Biol Cell 16(10):4941-4953.Briefly, cells grown overnight in YPD (1% w/v Bacto yeast extract, 2%w/v Bacto peptone extract, and 2% w/v dextrose) were harvested andtreated with YPD containing 10 mM DTT, 25 mM HEPES, pH 8, for 15 min at30° C. with shaking. Cells were washed twice in water and once inice-cold 1 M sorbitol, before they were resuspended in 1 M sorbitol anddivided into 80 μL aliquots for storage at −80° C.

Transformation of P. pastoris GS115 with pPIC9 Constructs

Single E. coli TOP10 colonies transformed with each pPIC9 construct wereused to inoculate 10 mL of LB containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin andincubated overnight at 37° C. in a shaking incubator. Plasmid DNA wasisolated using the Qiaprep (Registered Trademark) miniprep kit (Qiagen)and linearized overnight using the restriction enzyme SalI. Competent P.pastoris GS115 cells (80 μL) were thawed on ice and 1 μg of linearizedDNA was added in an ice-cold Gene Pulser (Registered Trademark)electroporation cuvette with a 0.2 cm gap. DNA was introduced byelectroporation at 1.5 kV, 25 μF, 400Ω (Gene Pulser, Bio-RadLaboratories). Ice-cold 1 M sorbitol (1 mL) was added to the cellsbefore they were plated onto MD plates (1.34% w/v yeast nitrogen base,without amino acids and with ammonium sulfate [US Biological, YNB],4×10⁻⁵% w/v biotin, 2% w/v dextrose) and incubated at 30° C. for 5 days.Positive colonies were then selected and re-plated onto fresh MD plates.

Characterization of rNaD1

FIGS. 6A through D show an immunoblot, reverse phase HPLC trace,structure of rNaD1 isolated from flowers and activity of rNaD1 againsthyphal growth.

Amino Acid Sequence Comparisons

FIGS. 3A and 3B provide a representation of amino acid sequences ofvarious Class II solanaceous defensins including NaD1. FIG. 4 showsClass I and II defensins. The Loop 1B region in these alignmentscomprises amino acids 10 through 15 in FIG. 3 and amino acids 9 through14 in FIG. 4. The present disclosure extends to a defensin having theC-terminal 20 contiguous amino acid residues with at least 70%similarity to amino acids 32 to 51 (FIG. 3) of NaD1 (SEQ ID NO:52).Examples are provided in Table 4.

Vector Maps

FIG. 11 shows a vector map for pHEX138.

Bioassay Method for in Planta Studies:

Preparation of C. graminicola Inoculum:

Colletotrichum graminicola (US isolate Carroll-1A-99) was isolated fromZea maize (Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Johnston, Iowa, USA).Spores were isolated from sporulating cultures grown on V8 agar forapproximately 2-3 Weeks. C. graminicola spores were collected byscraping the surface of the plates in sterile water and separatingspores from hyphal matter by filtration through facial tissue. Theconcentration of spores in the filtrate was measured using ahaemocytometer.

Preparation of F. graminearum Inoculum:

Fusarium graminearum isolate (73B1A) was isolated from Zea maize(Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Johnston, Iowa, USA). Spores wereisolated from sporulating cultures grown on SNP agar for approximately2-3 Weeks. F. graminearum spores were collected by scraping the surfaceof the plates in sterile water. The concentration of spores in wasmeasured using a haemocytometer.

Inoculation of Maize Plants:

Plants for bioassay were grown in the glasshouse for approximately 9-10weeks after deflasking.

C. gramincola Inoculation

Two wounds, 2.0 mm in length were made on opposing sides of the maizeleaf sheath and then over laid with 1×10⁶ C. graminicola spores/mL.Wounds were then sealed with Glad Pressn' Seal for three days. The areaof infection was measured by digital photography 10 days postinoculation.

F. graminearum Inoculation

Two wounds, 2.0 mm in length were made on opposing sides of the maizeleaf sheath. Wounds were over laid 6 mm diameter paper discs dipped in1×10⁶ F. graminearum spores/mL. Wounds were then sealed with GladPressn' Seal for three days. The area of infection was measured bydigital photography 10 days post inoculation.

ELISA Method

Protein extract: leaf sheaths were excised from plants grown in theglasshouse. The tissue (50 mg) was frozen in liquid nitrogen and groundin a mixer mill (Retsch MM300) for 2×15 sec at frequency 30 s⁻¹. Proteinextracts were made by adding 450 μL 2% insoluble PVPP(Polyclar)/PBS/0.05% Tween 20 and vortexing for 20 s. The samples werecentrifuged for 10 min and the supernatant was collected.

ELISA plates (Nunc Maxisorp #442404) were incubated with 100 μL/well ofprimary antibody in PBS (100 ng/well of anti-NaD1 (polyclonal antibodywas made by a standard method to purified NaD1 from flowers of Nicotianaalata)). Plates were incubated overnight at 4° C. in a humid box. Theywere then washed for 2 min×4 with PBS/0.05% v/v Tween 20. Plates wereblocked with 200 μL/well 3% w/v BSA (Sigma A-7030: 98% ELISA grade) inPBS and incubated for 2 h at 25° C. Plates were then washed for 2 min×4with PBS/0.05% v/v Tween 20.

Corn sheath protein extracts (100 μL/well diluted in PBS/0.05% v/v Tween20) were then applied to the plates which were then incubated for 2 h at25° C. Plates were then washed for 2 min×4 with PBS/0.05% v/v Tween 20and then 100 μL/well of secondary antibody in PBS (75 ng/wellbiotin-labelled NaD1 antibody) was applied. The biotin labelled antibodywas prepared using the EZ-link Sulfo-NHS-LC-biotinylation kit (Pierce);2 mL of protein A purified antibody and 2 mg of the biotin reagent wereused. Plates were incubated for 1 h at 25° C. and then washed for 2min×4 with PBS/0.05% v/v Tween 20 and 100 μL/well of NeutriAvidinHRP-conjugate (Pierce #31001; 1:1000 dilution; 0.1 μL/well) in PBS wasapplied. The plates were incubated for 1 h at 25° C. and then washed for2 min×2 with PBS/0.05% v/v Tween 20, followed by 2 min×2 with H₂O. Justbefore use, substrate was prepared by dissolving 1 ImmunoPure OPD tablet(Pierce #34006) in 9 mL H₂O, then adding 1 mL stable peroxide buffer(10×, Pierce #34062). The substrate was applied at 100 μL/well andplates were incubated at 25° C. until color developed. The reaction wasstopped by applying 50 μL 2.5 M sulfuric acid. Absorbance at 490 nm wasmeasured in a plate reader (Molecular Devices).

Immunoblot Analysis

Leaf sheaths were excised from plants grown in the glasshouse. Leafsheath tissue (50 mg) was frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground to a finepowder in a mixer mill (Retsch MM300) for 2×15 s at frequency 30 s⁻¹.Samples were extracted by adding 2% w/v insoluble PVPP(Polyclar)/PBS/0.05% v/v Tween 20 (75 μL) and vortexing. Samples werethen centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 10 min and the supernatants retained.To the supernatant (21 μL), Novex NuPAGE 4×LDS sample buffer (7.5 μL)and β-mercaptoethanol (1.5 μL) were added and heated at 70° C. for 10min.

Extracted leaf sheath proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE on preformed4-12% w/v polyacrylamide gradient gels (Novex, NuPAGE bis-tris, MESbuffer) for 35 min at 200V in a Novex X Cell Il mini-cellelectrophoresis apparatus. Prestained molecular weight markers (NovexSeeBlue Plus 2) were included as a standard. Proteins were transferredto nitrocellulose membrane (Osmonics 0.22 micron NitroBind) for 60 minat 30 V using the Novex X Cell mini-cell electrophoresis apparatus inNuPAGE transfer buffer with 10% v/v methanol. After transfer, membraneswere incubated for 1 min in isopropanol, followed by a 5 min wash inTBS.

The membrane was blocked for 1 h in 3% w/v BSA at room temperaturefollowed by incubation with primary antibody overnight at roomtemperature (mature NaD1 or HvCPI6 antibody diluted 1 in 1000 in TBS/1%w/v BSA of 1 mg/ml stock). The membrane was washed 5×10 min in TBSTbefore incubation with goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to horseradishperoxidase for 60 min at RT (Pierce, 1 in 50,000 dilution in TBS). Fivefurther 10 min TBST washes were performed before the membrane wasincubated with SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent substrate (Pierce)according to the manufacturer's instructions. Membranes were exposed toECL Hyperfilm (Amersham).

TABLE 4 Seq-> NaD1. NsD1. NsD2. PhD1. PhD2. TPP3. FST. NeThio1. NeThio2.NaD1. ID 100% 95% 90% 100% 80% 95% 100% 100% NsD1. 100% ID 95% 90% 100%80% 95% 100% 100% NsD2. 95% 95% ID 90% 95% 75% 90% 95% 95% PhD1. 90% 90%90% ID 90% 70% 85% 90% 90% PhD2. 100% 100% 95% 90% ID 80% 95% 100% 100%TPP3. 80% 80% 75% 70% 80% ID 85% 80% 80% FST. 95% 95% 90% 85% 95% 85% ID95% 95% NeThio1. 100% 100% 95% 90% 100% 80% 95% ID 100% NeThio2. 100%100% 95% 90% 100% 80% 95% 100% ID Na-gth. 85% 85% 80% 75% 85% 65% 80%85% 85% NpThio1. 85% 85% 80% 75% 85% 65% 80% 85% 85% Cc gth. 75% 75% 75%75% 75% 85% 80% 75% 75% Accession Seq-> Na-gth. NpThio1. Cc gth. Sourcenumber NaD1. 85% 85% 75% Nicotiana Q8GTM0 alata NsD1. 85% 85% 75%Nicotiana none suaveolens NsD2. 80% 80% 75% Nicotiana none suaveolensPhD1. 75% 75% 75% Petunia Q8H6Q1 hybrida PhD2. 85% 85% 75% PetuniaQ8H6Q0 hybrida TPP3. 65% 65% 85% Solanum AAA80496 lycopersicum FST. 80%80% 80% Nicotiana P32026 tabacum NeThio1. 85% 85% 75% Nicotiana BAA21114excelsior NeThio2. 85% 85% 75% Nicotiana BAA21113 excelsior Na-gth. ID100% 60% Nicotiana AAS13436 attenuata NpThio1. 100% ID 60% NicotianaO24115 paniculata Cc gth. 60% 60% ID Capsicum AAD21200 chinense

Example 1 Antifungal Activity of Class I Defensins

Three Class I defensins were either purified from their native source(NaD2) or expressed using P. pastoris expression system (γ-zeathionin2,γ-hordothionin) as described in the methods. The anti-fungal activity ofthe peptides was assessed against Fusarium graminearum essentially asdescribed in Broekaert et al. (1990) FEMS Microbiol Lett 69:55-60, 1990,and compared to that of two solanaceous class II defensins (NaD1, NsD1).Spores were isolated from sporulating cultures growing in half-strengthpotato dextrose broth (PDB) by filtration through sterile muslin. Sporeconcentrations were determined using a hemocytometer and adjusted to5×10⁴ spores/mL in ½×PDB. Spore suspensions (80 μL) were added to thewells of sterile 96-well flat-bottomed microtitre plates along with 20μL of filter-sterilized (0.22 μm syringe filter; Millipore) protein, orwater to give final protein concentrations of 0-10 μM. The plates wereshaken briefly and placed in the dark at 25° C. without shaking for 28h. Hyphal growth was estimated by measuring the optical density at 595nm using a microtitre plate reader (SpectraMax Pro M5e; MolecularDevices). Each test was performed in triplicate. Results (FIG. 7) showedthat the Class I defensins tested exhibited low antifungal activity.

Example 2 Modification to NaD1 Loop 1B Region on a Class II SolanaceousDefensin

The first aspect of this example is the selection of a Class IIsolanaceous defensin. Defensins are screened to identify defensinshaving a C-terminal portion comprising an amino acid sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO:52 or having at least 70% similarity thereto afteroptimal alignment (Table 4). FIG. 3 shows the type of alignment. SEQ IDNO:50 represents the terminal 20 continguous amino acids including themost C-terminal invariant cysteine residue. NaD1, NsD1 PhD2, NeThio1 andNeThio2 are examples of defensins having 100% similarity to SEQ IDNO:52.

NaD1 is selected as the Class II solanaecous defensin backbone. Thisdefensin comprises a Loop 1B having the amino acid sequence: NTFPGI (SEQID NO:12).

One or more of the amino acid residues NTFPGI is/are substituted byanother amino acid residue. All six residues may be altered or 1 or 2 or3 or 4 or 5 of the residues may be changed. This includes a single aminoacid substitution or a Loop 1B swap. Examples of changes made includethe following sequences (together with the source in parantheses):

[SEQ ID NO: 29] HRFKGP (NaD2); [SEQ ID NO: 30] QHHSFP (Zea2);[SEQ ID NO: 31] DTYRGV (PsD1); [SEQ ID NO: 32] PTWEGI (PsD2);[SEQ ID NO: 33] DKYRGP (MsDeF1(; [SEQ ID NO: 34] KTFKGI (SoD2);[SEQ ID NO: 35] KTWSGN (DmAMP1); [SEQ ID NO: 36] EGWXGK (VrD1);[SEQ ID NO: 37] GTWSGV (RsAFP2); and [SEQ ID NO: 38] AGFKGP (g1-H).

Other examples include selecting an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NO:67 to 79.

Example 3 Inhibition of the Growth of Fusarium graminearum in thePresence of Loop Variants of NaD1

Recombinant NaD1 and the loop variants HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 wereexpressed in the P. pastoris expression system and purified as describedin the methods. The anti-fungal activity of the peptides againstFusarium graminearum was assessed essentially as described in Broekaertet al. (1990) FEMS Microbiol Lett 69:55-60. Spores were isolated fromsporulating cultures growing in half-strength potato dextrose broth(PDB) by filtration through sterile muslin. Spore concentrations weredetermined using a hemocytometer and adjusted to 5×10⁴ spores/mL in½×PDB. Spore suspensions (80 μL) were added to the wells of sterile96-well flat-bottomed microtitre plates along with 20 offilter-sterilized (0.22 μm syringe filter; Millipore) protein, or waterto give final protein concentrations of 0-10 μM. The plates were shakenbriefly and placed in the dark at 25° C. without shaking for 28 h.Hyphal growth was estimated by measuring the optical density at 595 nmusing a microtitre plate reader (SpectraMax Pro M5e; Molecular Devices).Each test was performed in triplicate.

Results

FIG. 8 illustrates the relative anti-fungal activity of the loopvariants HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 compared to NaD1 against F. graminearum(Fgr). At 0.825 ppm, HXP34 and HXP35 inhibited the growth of F.graminearum by 41.7, 14.6 or 34.5% more than NaD1 respectively. At 1.65ppm, all three loop variants inhibited the growth of F. graminearum by˜70% more than NaD1.

Example 4 Inhibition of the Growth of Fusarium Verticilloides in thePresence of Loop Variants of NaD1

Recombinant NaD1 and the loop variants HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 wereexpressed in the P. pastoris expression system and purified as describedin the methods. The anti-fungal activity of the peptides againstFusarium verticilloides was assessed as described in Example 1.

Results

FIG. 9 illustrates the relative anti-fungal activity of the loopvariants HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 compared to NaD1 against F.verticilloides (Fve). At 3.25 ppm, HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 inhibited thegrowth of F. verticilloides by 40.9, 29.4 and 5.1% more than NaD1respectively. At 6.5 ppm, all three loop variants inhibited the growthof F. verticilloides by at least 67% more than NaD1.

Example 5 Inhibition of the Growth of Colletotrichum graminicola in thePresence of Loop Variants of NaD1

Recombinant NaD1 and the loop variants HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 wereexpressed in the P. pastoris expression system and purified as describedin the methods. The anti-fungal activity of the peptides againstColletotrichum graminicola was assessed as described in Example 1.

Results

FIG. 10 illustrates the relative anti-fungal activity of the loopvariants HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 compared to NaD1 against C. graminicola(Cgr). At 13 ppm, HXP4, HXP34 and HXP35 inhibited the growth of C.graminicola by 61.3, 21.8 or 83.2% more than NaD1, respectively.

Example 6 Production of Transgenic Plants

Transgenic canola (Brassica napus, cv RI64) expressing HXP4 was producedby Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. The DNA binaryvector used for the transformation (pHEX138) is described in FIG. 11.The binary vector was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens byelectroporation and the presence of the plasmid confirmed by gelelectrophoresis. Cultures of Agrobacterium were used to infect hypocotylsections of canola. Transgenic shoots were selected on the antibiotickanamycin at 25 mg/L. Transgenic plants expressing HXP4 were selectedusing ELISA to detect soluble proteins extracted from leaves.

From three transformation experiments (CAT93, CAT94 and CAT96) 7 plants(6 events) had detectable levels of HXP4 (Table 5). The level of HXP4protein ranged from 0.3 to 2.1 ppm (ng HXP4/mg fresh weight of leaftissue).

TABLE 5 Transgenic canola line Level of HXP4 (ppm) 93.1.2 2.1 93.1.3 2.093.15.3 1.9 96.7.2 1.8 96.17.1 0.3 96.72.1 1.9 94.11.1 1.6Glasshouse Bioassays with Leptosphaeria Maculans

The pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans is grown on 10% (v/v) V8 agar platesfor 1-2 weeks at room temperature. Pycnidiospores are isolated bycovering the plate with sterilized water (5 mL) and scraping the surfaceof the agar to dislodge the spores. Spores are separated from the hyphalmatter by filtration through sterile tissues. The concentration of thespores in the filtrate is measured using a hemocytometer and the finalconcentration is adjusted to between 1×10⁶ to 1×10⁷ pycnidiospores/mLwith water.

Seedlings are grown in the glasshouse in small planting trays at 22° C.Approximately ten days after sowing, the two cotyledons of each seedlingare punctured twice with a 26 gauge needle (once in each of the 2 lobes)and the wounded area is inoculated with a droplet of spores (5 μL).Controls are inoculated with water. The plants are maintained under highhumidity conditions for 3 days to facilitate spore germination.

Disease symptoms are assessed up to 20 days after inoculation. Lesionsize is quantified using computer software analysis (ImageJ) of digitalimages in mm². The average lesion size is statistically analyzed usingnon-parametric methods.

Example 7 Production of Transgenic Corn Plants Expressing HXP4

Transgenic corn plants are produced by Agrobacterium-mediatedtransformation or particle bombardment using standard protocols such asthose described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840; U.S. Pat. No. 7,528,293;U.S. Pat. No. 7,589,176; U.S. Pat. No. 7,785,828; Frame et al. (2002)Plant Physiology 129:13-22. A binary vector containing GAT as theselectable marker, a ubiquitin promoter for constitutive expression anda codon optimised sequence encoding either HXP4 or NaD1 under thecontrol of a constitutive ubiquitin promoter as well as a sequenceencoding encoding GAT as a selectable marker was transferred into anAgrobacterium tumefaciens strain by electroporation. Immature cornembryos were infected via immersion in a suspension of Agrobacteriumfollowed by a period of co-culture on a solid medium. The embryos werethen optionally “rested” during which time they were incubated in thepresence of at least one antibiotic which inhibits the growth ofAgrobacterium. Next transformed callus was obtained by culturing theinfected embryos on solid medium containing glyphosphate which inhibitsthe growth of non-transformed cells. Transformed callus was then able tobe regenerated into plants using standard methods.

Levels of HXP4 and NaD1 expression in PCR positive plants weredetermined, for example, by ELISA screening. Plants expressing HXP4 orNaD1 at >10 ppm were assessed for increased resistance to Colletotrichumgraminicola using the bioassay described in the Methods.

Results

Plants expressing HXP4 at >10 ppm showed a 26% reduction in lesion areawhen compared to plants transformed with an empty vector. Plantsexpressing NaD1 at >10 ppm showed no reduction in lesion area comparedto the empty vector control (Table 8).

Example 8 Production of Transgenic Soybean Plants Expressing HXP4

Transgenic soybean plants expressing HXP4 are produced byAgrobacterium-mediated transformation or by particle bombardment orother standard protocols such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.7,589,176; U.S. Pat. No. 7,528,293; U.S. Pat. No. 7,785,828.

Regenerated soybean plants which are PCR positive for HXP4 are assessedfor levels of HXP4 expression e.g. by ELISA screening. Fertiletransgenic plants may be assessed for gene copy number and selectedlines are tested for resistance to soybean fungal pathogens inglasshouse bioassays.

Lines exhibiting increased resistance to soybean fungal and rust andinsect pathogens are then assessed in field trials in infected soil andin trials where the soybean plants are artificially infected with thetarget fungal, insect or rust pathogens.

Example 9 Production of Transgenic Wheat Expressing HXP4

Transgenic wheat plants expressing HXP4 are produced byAgrobacterium-mediated transformation or by particle bombardment orother standard protocols such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.7,785,828. Regenerated wheat plants which are PCR positive for HXP4 areassessed for levels of HXP4 expression e.g. by ELISA screening. Fertiletransgenic plants may be assessed for gene copy number and selectedlines are tested for resistance to wheat fungal pathogens in glasshousebioassays.

Lines exhibiting increased resistance to wheat fungal pathogens are thenassessed in field trials in infected soil and in trials where the wheatplants are artificially infected with the target fungal pathogens.

Example 10 Activity of Modified NaD1 Against the Human Fungal PathogenAspergillus niger

Recombinant NaD1 and the loop variant HXP4 were expressed in the P.pastoris expression system and purified as described in the methods. Theanti-fungal activity of the peptides against Aspergillus niger wasassessed as described above.

Results

FIG. 12 illustrates the relative anti-fungal activity of the loopvariant HXP4 compared to NaD1 against A. niger. At 13 ppm, HXP4inhibited the growth of A. niger by 20.6% more than NaD1. This can beexpressed as HXP4 having greater than 112% of NaD1. At 26 ppm and 53ppm, HXP4 inhibited growth by at least 10% more than NaD1.

Example 11 Activity of Modified NaD1 Against Cryptococcus Spp

Recombinant NaD1 and the loop variant HXP4 were expressed in the P.pastoris expression system and purified as described in the methods. Theanti-fungal activity of the peptides against two strains of Cryptococcusneoformans and one strain of C. gattii was assessed as described above.

Results

FIG. 13A illustrates the relative anti-fungal activity of the loopvariant HXP4 compared to NaD1 against Cryptococcus neoformans (C1065).At 13 ppm, HXP4 completely inhibited growth of the yeast while NaD1 onlyinhibited ˜16.7%. Hence, HXP4 had more than 596% of the activity ofNaD1. Neither protein showed significant activity at 6.5 ppm. FIG. 13Billustrates the relative anti-fungal activity of NaD1 and HXP4 against asecond strain of C. neoformans (C2067). At 6.5 ppm, HXP4 inhibitedgrowth by more than 80% while NaD1 only inhibited growth by less than4%. Against C. gatti (FIG. 13C), HXP4 inhibited 10% more growth thanNaD1 at 13 ppm and 38% more growth than NaD1 at 6.5 ppm.

Example 12 Modification to the Loop 1B Region of the Class IISolanaceous Defensin, TPP3 as a Backbone

TPP3 (SEQ ID NO: 5) is selected as the Class II solanaceous defensinbackbone. This defensin comprises a Loop 1B having the amino acidsequence: QTFPGL (SEQ ID NO:15). The Loop 1B sequence is changed to thatof NaD2 (HRFKGP) [SEQ ID NO:29]. The chimeric protein (HXP107) isexpressed in the P. pastoris expression system and purified as describedin the methods. The anti-fungal activity of the peptide against Fusariumgraminearum is assessed as described in Example 1 as well as itsanti-insect activity. The amino acid sequence of HXP107 is set forth inSEQ ID NO:85.

Results:

The HXP107 protein retains antifungal activity against Fusariumgraminearum (Fgr) with an IC₅₀ of 0.5 μM. This compares favourably withthe activity of the parent protein, TPP3, which has an IC₅₀ of 0.2 μM.

Example 13 Modification to the Loop 1B Region of the Class IISolanaceous Defensins, NsD1, C20 and SL549

NsD1 (SEQ ID NO:49), C20 (isolated from Capsicum)(SEQ ID NO:58) andSL549 (isolated from Nicotiana) (SEQ ID NO:59) are selected as the ClassII solanaceous defensin backbone. These defensins comprise a Loop 1Bhaving the amino acid sequence: NTFPGI (SEQ ID NO:12), KYFKGL (SEQ IDNO:60) and NTFPGI (SEQ ID NO:12), respectively. One or more of the aminoacid residues in loop 1B is/are substituted by another amino acidresidue. All six residues may be altered or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 of theresidues may be changed. This includes a single amino acid substitutionor a Loop 1B swap. Examples of changes include the following sequences(together with the source in parentheses):

[SEQ ID NO: 29] HRFKGP (NaD2); [SEQ ID NO: 30] QHHSFP (Zea2);[SEQ ID NO: 31] DTYRGV (PsD1); [SEQ ID NO: 32] PTWEGI (PsD2);[SEQ ID NO: 33] DKYRGP (MsDeF1(; [SEQ ID NO: 34] KTFKGI (SoD2);[SEQ ID NO: 35] KTWSGN (DmAMP1); [SEQ ID NO: 36] EGWXGK (VrD1);[SEQ ID NO: 37] GTWSGV (RsAFP2); and [SEQ ID NO: 38] AGFKGP (g1-H).

In another embodiment, the Loop 1B is substituted by a sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NO:67 to 79.

Recombinant loop variants are expressed in the P. pastoris expressionsystem and purified as described in the methods. The anti-fungalactivity of the peptides against fungal pathogens such as Fusariumgraminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum graminicola and Fusariumverticilloides is assessed as described in Example 1.

Example 14 Synergy of HXP4 with Protease Inhibitors Against Fusariumgraminearum and Colletotrichum graminicola

DNA encoding the mature domain of the barley type-I inhibitor CI-1B (SEQID NO:63), the Nicotiana alata type I inhibitor NaPin1A, the tomatocystatin SlCys9 (SEQ ID NO:64), the rice cystatin Os1a (SEQ ID NO:65),and the barley cystatin HvCPI6 (SEQ ID NO:66) was obtained fromGenscript. Inserts were excised from the pUC57 vector using Sac II andSac I, extracted from agarose gels using the Perfectprep kit (Eppendorf)and ligated into pHUE which was then used to transform TOP10 E. colicells. Plasmid DNA was isolated and then used to transform E. coliRosetta-Gami B cells.

Single colonies of E. coli Rosetta-Gami B were used to inoculate 2YTmedia (10 mL, 16 g/L tryptone, 10 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L NaCl)containing ampicillin (0.1 mg/mL), chloramphenicol (0.34 mg/mL),tetracycline (0.1 mg/mL) and kanamycin (0.05 mg/mL) and grown overnightwith shaking at 37° C. This culture was used to inoculate 2YT media (500mL) containing ampicillin (0.1 mg/mL), chloramphenicol (0.34 mg/mL),tetracycline (0.1 mg/mL) and kanamycin (0.05 mg/mL) which was then grownfor 4 h to an optical density (600 nm) of ˜1.0. IPTG was then added (0.5mM final concentration) and the culture grown for a further 16 h at 16°C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (4,000 g at 4° C. for 20 min),resuspended in native lysis buffer (20 mL per litre cell culture, 50 mMNaH₂PO₄, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8.0) and frozen at −80° C.Cells were then thawed and treated with lysozyme (5 mg per 25 mLresuspended cells) for 20 min at 4° C. DNase I (125 uL, 2 mg/mL in 20%v/v glycerol, 75 mM NaCl) and MgCl₂ (125 uL, 1 M) were then added andthe samples incubated at room temperature for 40 min on a rockingplatform. The samples were then sonicated for 2×30 s on ice (80% w/vpower, Branson sonifier 450) and centrifuged (20,000 g at 4° C. for 30min) The hexahistidine-tagged ubiquitin-fusion proteins (His6-Ub-NaCys1,2, 3) were then purified from the protein extracts by immobilized metalaffinity chromatography (IMAC) under native conditions using Ni-NTAresin (1.5 mL to ˜25 mL native protein extract, Qiagen) according to themanufacturer's instructions. Recombinant proteins were eluted usingelution buffer (250 mM imidazole, 200 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaH₂PO₄, pH 8.0).The imidazole was removed by applying the eluted protein to a prepackedSephadex G50 gel filtration column (PD-10, Amersham) equilibrated with50 mM Tris.Cl, 100 mM NaCl, pH 8.0.

The hexahistidine-tagged ubiquitin was cleaved from the recombinantproteins using the deubiquitylating enzyme 6H.Usp2-cc (Catanzariti etal. (2004), Protein Science 13:1331-1339). The cleaved tag was removedby another round of IMAC with the deubiquitylated protease inhibitors asthe unbound protein. This was then further purified by reversed-phaseHPLC.

Recombinant CI-1B, SlCys9 and Os1a were prepared as stock solutions (20μM) in H₂O. Trypsin inhibitor type I-P from bovine pancreas (Andersonand Kingston (1983), Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 80:6838-6842) was purchasedfrom Sigma (T0256) and diluted to a concentration of 20 μM in H₂O.

The inhibitory effects of HXP4 and NaD1 in combination with serine orcysteine proteinase inhibitors on the growth of Fusarium graminearum, orColletotrichum gramincola was measured essentially as described byBroekaert et al, supra 1990. Spores were isolated from sporulatingcultures growing on synthetic nutrient poor agar (SNPB, Fusariumgraminearum) or V8 agar (Colletotrichum graminicola) and counted using ahemocytometer.

Antifungal assays were conducted in 96 well microtiter trays essentiallyas described in Example 1. Wells were loaded with 10 μL of filtersterilized (0.22 μm syringe filter, Millipore) NaD1 (2.5 μM), HXP4 (2.5μM) or water, along with 10 μL of filter sterilized (0.22 μm syringefilter, Millipore) proteinase inhibitor or water and 80 μL 5×10⁴spores/mL in ½ strength PDB. The plates were incubated at 25° C. Fungalgrowth was assayed by measuring optical density at 595 nm (A₅₉₅) using amicrotitre plate reader (SpectraMax Pro M2; Molecular Devices). Eachtest was performed in quadruplicate.

Results

When tested at the same concentration, HXP4 had a greater synergisticeffect with protease inhibitors than NaD1 against Fusarium graminearum.HXP4 was also synergistic with protease inhibitors againstColletotrichum graminicola. Synergy calculations are presented in Tables6 and 7 wherein Ee is the expected effect from the additive responseaccording to Limpel's formula (Richer et al. Pestic Sci 19:309-315)expressed as percent inhibition and Io is the percent inhibitionobserved. Synergy, that is, Io values higher than Ee values was obtainedwith all four protease inhibitors.

Example 15 In Planta Synergy of HXP 4 with HvCP16 Against Fusariumgraminearum

Transgenic corn plants expressing HXP4, HvCPI6 or HXP4+HvCPI6 arecreated using the method described in Example 7 and are assessed forincreased resistance to Fusarium graminearum using the bioassaydescribed in the Methods.

FIG. 15 provides the HvCPI6 construct for expression in corn and FIG. 16provides the HXP4+HvCP16 construct for expression in corn.

Results

Plants expressing HXP4 alone or HvCPI6 alone show no reduction in lesionarea compared to plants transformed with an empty vector. Plantsexpressing HXP4+HvCPI6 show a 45% reduction in lesion area compared tothe empty vector control (Table 9).

Example 16 Effects of HXP4 on Asian Soybean Rust

NaD1 was isolated from flowers of Nicotiana alata and the loop variantHXP4 was expressed in the P. pastoris expression system and purified asdescribed in the methods. The effects of HXP4 on Asian soybean rust(Phakopsora pachirhizi) was tested and compared to NaD1. Phakopsorapachirhizi urediospores were grown on cellophane that was placed on anagar droplet in the presence or absence of the peptides at 100, 10, 1and 0.1 ppm in water. Germination, appressorium formation, and formationof post-appressorial structures were evaluated using microscopy at 24 hand 48 h. Three membranes were examined per treatment and fifty isolatedgermlings were evaluated per membrane.

Results

The effect on germination (24 hours; FIG. 14A), appresorium formation(24 hours; FIG. 14B) and formation of post-appresorium structure (48hours; FIG. 14C) were all examined. At 10 ppm, HXP4 inhibitedgermination 62% more effectively than NaD1 while appresorium formationand formation of post-appresorium structures were inhibited by 65% and59% more than NaD1, respectively.

Example 17 High-Throughput Screening to Identify Novel Loop 1B Sequences

Site directed mutagenesis of NaD1 was carried out using the Phusion(Registered Trademark) site-directed mutagenesis kit (Finnzymes).Degenerate oligonucleotide primers phosphorylated at the 5′ end weredesigned to incorporate the random six amino acid mutation of Loop 1B.

The pHUE system was used for expression of a library of loop 1Bvariants. Expression and purification was modified slightly from themethod described in Example 14 to enable expression in 48-well platesand purification in 96-well filter plates. The entire template plasmid(pHUE-NaD1) was amplified in a PCR reaction of 35 cycles with anannealing temperature of 66° C., 30 sec. The linear PCR product was thencircularized using T4 DNA Ligase overnight at 16° C. and transformedinto electro competent Rosetta-Gami B (DE3) cells according to themanufacturer's instructions. The recovered cells were plated onto 2YTagar containing ampicillin (0.1 mg/mL), chloramphenicol (0.34 mg/mL),tetracycline (0.1 mg/mL) and kanamycin (0.015 mg/mL) and incubated at37° C. overnight.

Single colonies were used to inoculate 150 μL of 2YT containingampicillin (0.1 mg/mL), chloramphenicol (0.34 mg/mL), tetracycline (0.1mg/mL) and kanamycin (0.015 mg/mL) in 96-well plates. Rosetta-Gami B(DE3) transformed with pHUE-NaD1 was included as a positive control.Plates were incubated overnight at 37° C. with constant shaking at 70%humidity. Fifty microliters of each well was transferred to 2.5 mL of2YT antibiotics and expression and purification was performed asdescribed in Example 13.

Proteins were tested for activity against Colletotrichum graminicola.Fifteen microliters of protein solution was added to 105 μL of sporesolution to give a final concentration of 2×10⁴ spores/mL in ½× PotatoDextrose Broth containing 0.5 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM KCl. The plates wereincubated at 25° C. and fungal growth was assayed after 40 h bymeasuring optical density at 595 nm using a microtitre plate reader(SpectraMax Pro M5e; Molecular Devices). Proteins that inhibited fungalgrowth equal to or greater than the NaD1 control were identified bysequencing the plasmid DNA of the bacterial colony used for expression.A single colony identified in the screen was found to have a loop 1Bsequence identical to that of NaD1. Several colonies were selected forlarge scale purification and testing. Proteins were expressed and asdescribed in Example 14 and tested for activity against Fusariumgraminicola and Colletotrichum graminicola as described in Example 1.Loop 1B sequences identified are listed in Table 10.

TABLE 6 Synergistic effect of HXP4 vs NaD1 in combination withproteinase inhibitors against Fgr Protease HXP4 NaD1 inhibitor Ee Io EeIo CI-1B 12.1 81.1 17.1 27.3 SICys9 0.0 86.0 0.0 37.6 OcIa 0.0 90.7 0.011.3 BTPI 2.0 81.0 2.0 5.0

TABLE 7 Synergistic effect of HXP4 in combination with proteinaseinhibitors against Cgr Protease HXP4 inhibitor Ee Io BPTI 16.7 97.1NaPin1A 11.8 69.3 HvCPI6 13.8 100.0 SICys9 15.4 94.9

TABLE 8 Protection of transgenic corn plants expressing HXP4 or NaD1against Cgr Percent inhibition relative Protein of empty vector controlP-value HXP4 26 0.029 NaD1 0 0.997

TABLE 9 Protection of transgenic corn plants expression HXP4 incombination with HvCPI6 against Fgr Percent inhibition relative Proteinof empty vector control P-value HXP4 0 0.183 HvCPI6 0 0.697 HXP4 +HvCPI6 45 <0.001

TABLE 10  Loop 1B sequences from proteins that inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum graminicola LSAKMV FINRDW LVSFPG(SEQ ID NO: 88) (SEQ ID NO: 89) (SEQ ID NO: 90) LSFKGT SIIASA ALFAGE(SEQ ID NO: 67) (SEQ ID NO: 72) (SEQ ID NO: 76) LVFGGM IKAPGW FLYREK(SEQ ID NO: 68) (SEQ ID NO: 73) (SEQ ID NO: 77) YNPVGL LTLSNH FIFRME(SEQ ID NO: 69) (SEQ ID NO: 74) (SEQ ID NO: 78) LFWEKS LISFYP HAFQKG(SEQ ID NO: 70) (SEQ ID NO: 75) (SEQ ID NO: 79) SPFVGP (SEQ ID NO: 71)

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the disclosure describedherein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than thosespecifically described. It is to be understood that the disclosureincludes all such variations and modifications. The disclosure alsoincludes all of the steps, features, compositions and compounds referredto or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, andany and all combinations of any two or more of these steps or features.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. An artificially modified solanaceous Class II defensin havinganti-pathogen activity comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth inSEQ ID NO:57 or an amino acid sequence having at least 70% similarity toSEQ ID NO:57 after optimal alignment, said modification being to thesolanaceous Class II defensin Loop 1B region.
 2. The modified defensinof claim 1 comprising at least 70% amino acid sequence similarity to SEQID NO:52 after optimal alignment.
 3. The modified defensin of claim 1 or2 wherein the Loop 1B amino acid sequence comprises an amino acidsequence selected from the list consisting of SEQ ID NO:29, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35, 36, 37 and
 38. 4. The modified defensin of claim 1 or 2wherein the Loop 1B amino acid sequence comprises an amino acid sequenceselected from the list consisting of SEQ ID NO:67 to
 79. 5. The modifieddefensin of claim 3 where the Loop 1B amino acid sequence comprises SEQID NO:29.
 6. The modified defensin of claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 havingat least 90% amino acid sequence similarity to SEQ ID NO:39.
 7. Themodified defensin of claim 6 having at least 95% amino acid sequencesimilarity to SEQ ID NO:39.
 8. The modified defensin of claim 1 wherein,prior to modification, the defensin is selected from NaD1, NsD1, NsD2,PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2, TpThio1, Na-gth, Cc-gth, C20and SL549.
 9. The modified defensin of claim 8 wherein, prior tomodification, the defensin is NaD1.
 10. The modified defensin of claim 8wherein, prior to modification, the defensin is selected from the listconsisting of NsD1 and NsD2.
 11. The isolated modified defensin of anyone of claims 1 to 10 wherein the anti-pathogen activity is a broaderspectrum of anti-pathogen activity, an increased anti-pathogen activity,increased stability and/or increased permeabilization relative to theClass II solanaceous defensin prior to modification.
 12. The isolatedmodified defensin of claim 11 wherein the anti-pathogen activity is thelevel of activity against a fungus.
 13. The isolated modified defensinof claim 12 wherein the fungus is a plant fungal pathogen.
 14. Theisolated modified defensin of claim 13 wherein the fungus is a mammalianfungal pathogen.
 15. The isolated modified defensin of claim 14 whereinthe fungus is a human fungal pathogen.
 16. The isolated modifieddefensin of claim 13 wherein the fungus is selected from the listconsisting of Colletotrichum graminicola, Diplodia maydis, Fusariumgraminearum and Fusarium verticilloides.
 17. The isolated modifieddefensin of claim 13 wherein the fungus is selected from the listconsisting of Fusarium virgululiforme, Fusarium solani, Sclerotiniasclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium tucumaniae.
 18. Theisolated modified defensin of claim 13 wherein the fungus is a rust. 19.The isolated modified defensin of claim 14 wherein the fungus isselected from the list consisting of Alternaeria spp, Aspergillus spp,Candida spp, Fusarium spp, Trychophylon spp, Cryptococcus spp,Microsporum spp, Penicillium spp, Trichosporon spp, Scedosporium spp,Paeciliomyces spp, Acremonium spp and Dermatiaceous molds.
 20. Theisolated modified defensin of claim 1 wherein the anti-pathogen activityis insecticidal activity.
 21. The isolated modified defensin of claim 20wherein the insects are selected from Diatraea grandiosella, Ostrinianubialis, Rhopalosiphum spp, Helicoverpa spp, Plutella xylostella andLygus spp.
 22. A composition comprising the isolated modified defensinof any one of claims 1 to
 10. 23. The composition of claim 22 furthercomprising a chemical pathogenicide, a proteinaceous pathogenicideand/or a proteinase inhibitor or a precursor thereof.
 24. An isolatednucleic acid molecule encoding an isolated modified defensin of any oneof claims 1 to
 10. 25. A genetic construct comprising the isolatednucleic acid molecule of claim
 24. 26. The genetic construct of claim 25further comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a proteinaseinhibitor or a precursor thereof.
 27. A genetically modified plant whichproduces the defensin of any one of claims 1 to 10 or progeny of saidplant which produces said defensin.
 28. The genetically modified plantof claim 27 or its progeny comprising a nucleic acid molecule of claim24 or a genetic construct of claim
 25. 29. The genetically modifiedplant of claim 27 or 28 selected from corn, soybean, cotton, sorghum,wheat, barley, maize, canola, abaca, alfalfa, almond, apple, asparagus,banana, bean-phaseolus, blackberry, broad bean, cashew, cassava, chickpea, citrus, coconut, coffee, fig, flax, grapes, groundnut, hemp,lavender, mushroom, olive, onion, pea, peanut, pear, pearl millet,potato, rapeseed, ryegrass, strawberry, sugar beet, sugarcane,sunflower, sweetpotato, taro, tea, tobacco, tomato, triticale, truffleand yam.
 30. A method for generating a genetically modified plant or itsprogeny which exhibit enhanced anti-pathogen activity, the methodcomprising creating a plant which comprises cells which express thenucleic acid encoding a modified Class II solanaceous defensin of anyone of claims 1 to 10, the level of expression in the plant or itsprogeny sufficient for the modified defensin to exhibit a protectiveeffect against plant pathogens.
 31. A method of controlling pathogeninfestation on a plant, the method comprising topically applying acomposition of claim 22 to the plant, its roots or soil surrounding theplant.
 32. A method of controlling pathogen infestation on an animalsubject, the method comprising topically applying a composition of claim22 to a surface on the animal potentially infested by the pathogen. 33.The method of claim 32 wherein the animal is a mammal.
 34. The method ofclaim 33 wherein the mammal is a human.
 35. Use of an artificiallycreated defensin comprising a backbone amino acid sequence from a ClassII solanaceous defensin having a Loop 1B region between β-strand 1 andthe α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the Class II solanaceousdefensin wherein the loop region is modified by a single or multipleamino acid substitution, deletion and/or addition in the manufacture ofan anti-pathogen medicament.
 36. Use of claim 35 wherein the pathogen isa fungus.
 37. An isolated defensin from Nicotiana suaveolens having anamino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:49 [NsDa1] or an aminoacid sequence having at least 70% thereto after optimal alignment. 38.An isolated defensin from Nicotiana suaveolens having an amino acidsequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:51 [NsD2] or an amino acid sequencehaving at least 70% thereto after optimal alignment.
 39. An isolatednucleic acid molecule or comprising a sequence of nucleotides encodingthe defensin of claim 37 or
 38. 40. The isolated nucleic acid moleculeof claim 37 comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:48,SEQ ID NO:50, a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing to SEQ IDNO:48 or 50, under medium stringency conditions and a nucleotidesequence having at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:46 or 48 afteroptimal alignment.
 41. Use of a Class II solanaceous defensin comprisinga C-terminal end region of its mature domain having at least about 70%similarity to SEQ ID NO:52 in the manufacture of an artificially createddefensin comprising a modified Loop 1B region and which artificiallycreated defensin exhibits anti-pathogen activity.
 42. A method forgenerating a defensin comprising a backbone amino acid sequence from aClass II solanaceous defensin having a loop region between β-strand 1and the α-helix on the N-terminal end portion of the Class IIsolanaceous defensin, the method comprising modifying the loop region byan amino acid substitution, addition and/or deletion to generate adefensin with anti-pathogen activity.
 43. The method of claim 42 whereinthe loop region is Loop 1B.
 44. The method of claim 43 wherein the Loop1B on the Class II solanaceous defensin is modified to generate thesequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, wherein X is an amino acid residue andwherein: X₁ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Yor V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; X₂ is A, R, N, D,C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof; X₃ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L,K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified formthereof; X₄ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Yor V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; X₅ is A, R, N, D,C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof; and/or X₆ is A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H,I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified formthereof; wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does notcorrespond to an amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from theClass II solanaceous defensin prior to modification.
 45. The method ofclaim 44 wherein the Loop 1B on the Class II solanaceous defensin ismodified to generate the sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆, wherein X is anamino acid residue and wherein: X₁ is N, G, D, H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L,M, S, or R; X₂ is K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I, S, T or Y; X₃ is W, Y, H, L,G, F or P; X₄ is P, K, S, R, H, T, E, V, N, Q, D or G; X₅ is S, K, Y, F,G or H; and/or X₆ is P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K, R, M, G, H, I or Y; whereinthe amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to anamino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceousdefensin prior to modification.
 46. The method of claim 45 wherein theLoop 1B comprises the sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ wherein: X₁ is N, H, Q,D, K or E; X₂ is R, H, T, K or G; X₃ is F, H, Y or W; X₄ is P, K, S orR; X₅ is G or F; and/or X₆ is P, V, I or N.
 47. The method of claim 44or 45 or 46 wherein the Loop 1B on the Class II solanaceous defensin ismodified to the amino acid sequence HRFKGP (NaD2), QHHSFP (Zea2), DTYRGV(PsD1), DKYRGP (MsDef1), KTFKGI (SoD2), KTWSGN and (DmAMP1).
 48. Themethod of claim 44 or 45 or 46 wherein the Loop 1B on the Class IIsolanaceous defensin is modified to an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NO:67 to
 79. 49. The method of any one of claims 42 to 47 whereinthe Class II solanaceous defensin comprises a C-terminal end regionhaving at least 70% similarity to SEQ ID NO:52 after optimal alignment.50. The method of claim 49 wherein the Class II solanaceous defensin isselected from NaD1, NsD1, NsD2, PhD1, PhD2, TPP3, FST, NeThio1, NeThio2,NpThio1, Na-gth, Cc-gth, C20 and SL549.
 51. The method of claim 50wherein the Class II solanaceous defensin is NaD1.
 52. The method ofclaim 50 wherein the Class II solanaceous defensin is a defensin fromNicotiana suaveolens selected from NsD1 and NsD2.
 53. The method ofclaim 43 wherein a Loop 1B from a non-Class II solanaceous defensinlisted in FIG. 2 replaces the Loop 1B on the Class II solanaceousdefensin.
 54. The method of claim 47 wherein the Loop 1B is a modifiedform of NTFPGI from NaD1 wherein the modification comprises one or moreof: the N is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R,D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturallyoccurring modified form thereof; the T is substituted with an amino acidresidue selected from A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, S, W,Y or V or a naturally occurring modified form thereof; the F issubstituted with an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N, D, C, Q,E, G, H, I, L, K, M, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurringmodified form thereof; the P is substituted with an amino acid residueselected from A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, S, T, W, Y or Vor a naturally occurring modified form thereof; the G is substitutedwith an amino acid residue selected from A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, H, I, L,K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or a naturally occurring modified formthereof; and/or the I is substituted by an amino acid residue selectedfrom A, R, N, D, C, Q, E, G, H, L, K, M, F, P, S, T, W, Y or V or anaturally occurring modified form thereof; wherein the amino acidsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does not correspond to an amino acid sequenceof the Loop 1B region from the Class II solanaceous defensin prior tomodification.
 55. The method of claim 54 wherein Loop 1B is a modifiedform of NTFPGI from NaD1 wherein the modification comprises one or moreof: the N is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from G, D,H, K, A, E, Q, T, P, L, M, S and R; the T is substituted with an aminoacid residue selected from K, R, G, H, L, N, F, I, S and Y; the F issubstituted with an amino acid residue selected from W, Y, H, L, G andP; the P is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from K, S,R, H, T, E, V, N, Q, D or G; the G is substituted with an amino acidresidue selected from S, K, Y, F and H; and/or the I is substituted byan amino acid residue selected from P, V, L, T, A, F, N, K, R, M, G, Hand Y; wherein the amino acid sequence X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ does notcorrespond to an amino acid sequence of the Loop 1B region from theClass II solanaceous defensin prior to modification.
 56. The method ofany one of claims 42 to 55 wherein the backbone Class II solanaceousdefensin further comprises an amino acid substitution, addition and/ordeletion on the backbone outside said loop region.
 57. The method of anyone of claims 32 to 56 wherein the anti-pathogen activity includes abroader spectrum of anti-pathogen activity or increased anti-pathogenactivity relative to the backbone Class II solanaceous defensin.